Housing

Question 1

the Public Health Movement

Answer 1

second half of the 1800’s

Question 2

the first model tenement

Answer 2

1855, NYC

Question 3

Tenement House Act of 1867

Answer 3

the first major housing code in the U.S. The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside.

Question 4

Tenement House Act of 1879

Answer 4

This law required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type with open air shafts. This form of housing, referred to as “Old Law Tenements,” was built throughout New York City starting in 1879, but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space.

Question 5

How the Other Half Lives

Answer 5

1890, Jacob Riis

highlighted the plight of the poor in New York City

Question 6

Tenement House Law of 1901

Answer 6

outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the City.

The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings, as well as toilets and running water in each apartment unit.

Question 7

Neighborhood Unit Concept

Answer 7

1929, Clarence Perry

part of the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs.

The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.

Question 8

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Answer 8

1934 following the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program.

Question 9

National Housing Act

Answer 9

1934

It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.

Question 10

Resettlement Administration

Answer 10

used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the U.S. Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, which are all in existence today.

Question 11

U.S. Housing Act 1937

Answer 11

provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing.

tied slum clearance to public housing. In addition, Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 authorized project-based rental assistance where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants

Question 12

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Answer 12

1944, GI Bill

guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.

Question 13

Housing Act of 1949

Answer 13

was the first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the U.S. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.

Question 14

Housing Act of 1954

Answer 14

called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.

Question 15

Housing Act of 1959

Answer 15

made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.

Question 16

Housing Act of 1961

Answer 16

provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.

Question 17

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Answer 17

Formed in 1965

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.

Question 18

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

Answer 18

1966, the launch of the model cities program

The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of “new communities.” The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.

Question 19

Fair Housing Act (FHA)

Answer 19

Part of Civil Rights Act, 1968

This was an expansion of previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.

Question 20

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

Answer 20

provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.

Question 21

Pruitt-Igoe

Answer 21

a public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis 1972. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.

Question 22

Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)

Answer 22

created under the Housing and Community Development Act. This grant program provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one. Additionally, the Act created the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.

Question 23

National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974

Answer 23

significantly updated in 2000, regulated manufactured housing units (sometimes called “mobile homes”) for the first time.

Question 24

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act

Answer 24

1975 federal law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.

Question 25

Community Reinvestment Act

Answer 25

federal law enacted in 1977 to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods

Aim to mitigate redlining

Question 26

Urban Development Action Grant Program

Answer 26

authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act.

promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas.

Required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects.

Cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.

Question 27

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990

Answer 27

the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation

Question 28

HOPE VI

Answer 28

1992

provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.

Question 29

Consolidated Plan

Answer 29

in 1995, HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from HUD programs.

A process and a document. Annual action and multi-year goals

Question 30

Consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for

Answer 30

Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)

Question 31

By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent

Answer 31

20 percent of the US population

Question 32

Community Development Banks

Answer 32

are banks that operate in low to moderate income areas. They are certified by the US Department of Treasury. In addition, banks can seek an alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund if they locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

Question 33

Colonias

Answer 33

are unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure that are sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, and their residents are predominantly Hispanic.

Colonias have grown as a result of a limited supply of adequate, affordable housing near the Mexico border

Question 34

Homelessness

Answer 34

has risen over the last twenty years as a result of a growing shortage of rental housing and an increase in poverty.