HISTORY - Planning Movements - FPK Flashcards
City Beautiful Movement
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, U.S. cities were becoming places that had severe poverty, crime, and blight. At the time, there was a movement to address these issues through the expression of moral and civic virtues. Daniel Burnham was a leader in promoting this movement. City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.
White City
City Beautiful Movement. The first model civic center, created by Daniel Burnham in Chicago for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893.
The McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C.
City Beautiful Movement. Sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1791 Plan for Washington and restore the city to civic greatness.
Garden City Movement Book
1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. This book was later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind Garden City.
Garden City Movement Principles
Self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres.
A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas.
Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
Letchworth
1903, Garden City. This was the first English city of its kind, and it was influential to the New Town Movement in the U.S.
Sunnyside Gardens, New York
1922, the first EFFORT at building a Garden City. A total of 77 acres in Queens was purchased and Clarence Stein devised a plan for 1,202 housing units.
Radburn, New Jersey
1928, the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn, New Jersey began, designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright.
City Efficient, aka City Functional or City Scientific
A reaction against the City Beautiful movement, which was seen as overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with matters of function and efficiency. The City Beautiful movement was openly denounced at the first planning conference in 1909.
Focused on efficiency = land use segregation, prioritizing cars, concerded with lowering congestion and stimulating commericalization
Resettlement Administration
President Roosevelt established in 1935, during the Great Depression. This agency was responsible for the Greenbelt Towns Program
The Green Towns program
Developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.
New Towns Act
Following World War II, Great Britain passed in 1946. This Act led to the development of more than a dozen new communities based on Howard’s ideas.
Park Forest, Illinois
Also following World War II it was developed as a New Town.
Failure of Garden Cities
Most lacked industry and true city centers and, in the end, most became residential suburbs.
