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IAM > Housing > Flashcards

Housing Flashcards

1
Q

What is on the checklist for housing evaluation?

A

Feed, water, light, air, rest, space, health

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2
Q

What kind of substrate must pigs have under EU law?

A

Manipulatable

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3
Q

What does metabolic rate mean?

A

Heat released per unit time

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4
Q

What is the definition of the BMR?

A

minimal metabolism of a fasted animal (energy required for maintenance)

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5
Q

Which kind of animals have a POTZ (preferred optimum temperature zone)?

A

Poikilotherms

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6
Q

Who is in group I of heat regulation?

A

Pigs and poultry

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7
Q

Which direction must group I (pigs and poultry) keep their body temperature?

A

Up

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8
Q

How do group I animals get their body temperature down? Why?

A

Wallow because they can’t sweat or pant

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9
Q

Why is housing for group I animals kept high?

A

To maximise feed conversion

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10
Q

Which group of animals are susceptible to heat stress?

A

Group I (pigs and poultry)

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11
Q

Which group of animals have a narrow TNZ?

A

Group I (pigs and poultry)

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12
Q

Who is in group II of heat regulation?

A

Ruminants and horses

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13
Q

Which direction must group II animals (ruminants and horses) keep their body temperature?

A

Down

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14
Q

How do group II animals keep their body temperature down?

A

Evaporation

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15
Q

Which out of horses, sheep and cattle can sweat or pant?

A

Horses sweat, sheep pant, cattle both

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16
Q

Which group of animals have a wide TNZ?

A

II - ruminants and horses

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17
Q

What is the metabolic cost of keeping temp down (in contrast to up)?

A

Negligible

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18
Q

What type of cooling does climatic housing facilitate?

A

Evaporative (and protects against extremes)

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19
Q

Which type of housing is banned for sows?

A

Gestation stalls

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20
Q

Problems caused by gestation stalls?

A

UTI and infertility, physical abnormalities, behavioural problems

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21
Q

Disadvantage of group housing for sows?

A

May lead to aggression

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22
Q

Why do some countries allow farrowing stalls after mating?

A

Embryo won’t implant if sows are fighting

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23
Q

What are the problems of a stressed sow when the piglet HPA is developing?

A

Increased stress reactivity, poor growth rates, poor maternal behaviour

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24
Q

What are the results of a sow being unable to interact with/teach piglets in a farrowing crate?

A

Increased plasma cortisol

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25
Q

What is the problem with outdoor arcs?

A

Can be too hot/cold

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26
Q

What are the problems with finishing pigs outdoors?

A

Slower and requires more food

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27
Q

What are four things space is needed for in growing pigs?

A

Thermoregulation, normal behaviours, avoiding discomfort, cleanliness

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28
Q

What factors affect minimum stocking density legislation?

A

Temperature, flooring, feeding system, group sizes

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29
Q

Which disease in pigs leads to more ear and tail biting?

A

Respiratory disease

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30
Q

Serum levels of which ILs correlates with abnormal behaviours in respiratory disease in pigs?

A

IL1-ra and IL-12

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31
Q

Which condition does access to straw bedding reduce the incidence of in pigs? Why?

A

Gastric ulcers - need fibre

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32
Q

How can you reduce aggression when introducing new pigs?

A

Put in a barrier

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33
Q

Why does maintaining litter groups reduce stress?

A

Reduces stress associated with resource access

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34
Q

How can you reduce post-weaning diarrhoea?

A

Creep feeding pre-weaning and strict hygiene

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35
Q

Why is pig castration not practiced in the UK?

A

We slaughter before puberty to avoid boar-taint

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36
Q

How else can you reduce boar-taint in a heavier carcase?

A

Immuno-castration

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37
Q

What are two advantages of immuno-castration?

A

Reduces aggression and skin lesions

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38
Q

Reasons piglet teeth are clipped?

A

Reduces mastitis, staph infections and damage to other piglets, face scars, pre-weaning deaths

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39
Q

Which part of the tail does tail docking leave behind?

A

The part with the best nerve supply

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40
Q

Why is it better to use methods other than docking to control tail biting?

A

Biting still occurs in docked pigs

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41
Q

Better ways of preventing tail biting?

A

Reduced crowding, more bedding, better disease control

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42
Q

How many times worse must the pain of tail biting be than docking for docking to be better?

A

7x

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43
Q

Why do ewes need good lighting?

A

Because they lamb at night

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44
Q

Why are solid panels ideal in mothering up pens?

A

Prevent lambs swapping pens, prevent disease spread

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45
Q

How much water do sheep require per day?

A

50ml/kg/day

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46
Q

What does the amount sheep drink depend on and when does it increase?

A

DM of food which increases in late pregnancy

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47
Q

How many breeding cycles should be enough for 95% of ewes?

A

Two

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48
Q

What happens if sheep breeding cycles are too long?

A

Lambs will be born unsupervised

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49
Q

How many other sheep do sheep like to have in sight?

A

At least two

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50
Q

Which kind of sheep are the most independent?

A

Mountain sheep

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51
Q

Five areas of the sheep face used to score pain?

A

Orbital, cheek, ears, lip and jaw profile, nostrils and philtrum

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52
Q

What happens to sheep ears in pain?

A

Drop, rotate backwards

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53
Q

What happens to sheep philtrum in pain?

A

Narrows

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54
Q

What happens to sheep nostril in pain?

A

Goes U to V shape

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55
Q

What is the earliest the lambing season can be brought forward to?

A

Jan

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56
Q

How many ewes per ram?

A

80-100

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57
Q

Under what conditions do you need more rams?

A

If using sponges for synchronised ovulation

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58
Q

How does body condition score affect lambing percentages?

A

Low BCS decreases lambing percentages

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59
Q

In which flocks is the BCS target lower?

A

Hill

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60
Q

How long does it take for sheep to gain one BCS score?

A

6 weeks

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61
Q

How long before mating is flushing done in ewes?

A

3-4 weeks

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62
Q

Which kind of feed is used for flushing ewes?

A

Reserved grazing or root crops

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63
Q

What should not be used for flushing due to interfering with ovulation?

A

Kale or rape

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64
Q

When is the earliest castration and tail docking should be done?

A

24 hours

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65
Q

Which two parameters rise is stressed sheep?

A

Cortisol and PCV

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66
Q

Maximum number of runs a sheepdog should do through a trial course?

A

One

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67
Q

When do lambs normally wean by?

A

12 weeks

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68
Q

How do you stop milk production in ewes?

A

Send ewes to poor pasture

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69
Q

What drives controlled ventilation in pig housing?

A

Fans

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70
Q

What drives natural ventilation in pig housing?

A

Stack effect

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71
Q

Why should pigs of different weights be housed separately?

A

TNZ is different for different weights and different ages will have differing immunity

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72
Q

What is the optimum number for a group of pigs?

A

15

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73
Q

Is hot or cold more stressful/immunosuppressive for pigs?

A

Cold

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74
Q

What is the problem with dust in pig housing?

A

Compromises respiratory defense mechanisms and can contain toxins

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75
Q

How can you control dust in pig housing?

A

Electrostatic particle ionisation

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76
Q

What is the problem with air inlets being stuck open in pig housing?

A

Can lead to draughts

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77
Q

When do respiratory outbreaks mostly occur in pigs and why?

A

Autumn because the temperatures are variable

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78
Q

What happens if pig sheds are too close together?

A

Sheltered sides are under negative pressure from the wind so air can’t flow in leading to poor air quality

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79
Q

What do you use to measure humidity?

A

Hygrometer

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80
Q

What do you use for gas collection?

A

Draeger tubes

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81
Q

Why should you take measurements at more than one time?

A

To account for diurnal variation

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82
Q

What is the problem with low humidity in pigs?

A

Reduces particle size so more can enter lungs - brings pathogens and damages mucociliary escalator

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83
Q

What is the problem with high humidity in pigs?

A

Increases pathogen survival in water droplets and damages building and insulation

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84
Q

What kind of chart can farmers use to predict heat stress in pigs?

A

A temperature-humidity index chart

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85
Q

How does too high NH3 affect pigs?

A

Causes respiratory signs by paralysing the mucociliary escalator predisposing them to infection

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86
Q

What can high H2S cause in pigs?

A

Death - lethal

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87
Q

How does low H2S (20ppm) affect pigs?

A

Low appetite

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88
Q

How do you produce a Respiratory Distress Index in pigs?

A

Use microphones to detect coughing

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89
Q

How much earlier than clinical assessment can a Respiratory Distress Index detect disease?

A

Two weeks

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90
Q

In the summer, how much higher than the outside temperature should the ventilation rate allow the inside to get in pigs?

A

3 degrees

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91
Q

In pigs, what should the winter ventilation rate keep the CO2 below?

A

0.3%

92
Q

What are the units of ventilation rate?

A

m3/hour

93
Q

Why is separating calves at birth less stressful?

A

No mother-offspring bond

94
Q

What are five changes seen in the calf after it is separated from its mother at 6 months old?

A

More vocalisations, less feeding, less lying, more walking, more cortisol secretion

95
Q

For how long after a six month old calf is removed from its mother do you see reduced feeding? Why?

A

2 weeks, because the dam usually guides

96
Q

What is the weaning age for a calf in the wild?

A

8-9 months

97
Q

What does two-step weaning involve in calves?

A

Preventing nursing for 4 days with an anti-sucking device before separating cow and calf

98
Q

What are the four advantages of two-step weaning?

A

Less vocalising and walking, more eating, reduced stress indicators, mimics natural weaning process

99
Q

Other than two-step weaning what is another way of reducing the stress of weaning calves?

A

A fence-line to allow physical contact with the dam

100
Q

Why should you get calves off milk replacer as soon as possible?

A

Expensive

101
Q

How can you stimulate the calf rumen to develop?

A

Feed concentrates

102
Q

Legally, how many times a day must you bucket feed calves?

A

Twice

103
Q

What is a problem with bucket-feeding calves?

A

Can be associated with re-directed sucking

104
Q

What is fibre required for when weaning calves?

A

For the rumen size to develop

105
Q

What are concentrates required for when weaning calves?

A

For the papillae to develop

106
Q

What diet is given to veal calves?

A

Milk only

107
Q

What are the problems with veal crates?

A

Can’t groom whole body, increased stress at weaning

108
Q

Why is group housing an advantage in veal calves?

A

Better adaptability later in life

109
Q

What are the problems with a large udder?

A

Alters stance so predisposes to solar ulcers, gets contaminated more easily so more mastitis

110
Q

How does an altered stance cause solar ulcers in cattle?

A

Pedal bone pinches on chorium

111
Q

What is a problem with “double muscling”?

A

Leads to dystocia so need multiple caesareans

112
Q

Why is hypomagnesium more common than hypocalcaemia in cattle?

A

No body stores like calcium

113
Q

What is the heritability of reproduction and health traits like?

A

Low, but additive effects are considerable

114
Q

What do Total Merit Indexes do?

A

Incorporate reproductive and health traits into selection schemes

115
Q

Why are mastitis pathogens more environmental than contagious?

A

Intensive housing - diagonal lying, soiled cubicles

116
Q

What are two environmental mastitis pathogens?

A

Strep uberis and coliforms

117
Q

What pathogen causes digital dermatitis in cattle?

A

Treponema

118
Q

What behaviour is associated with digital dermatitis in cattle?

A

Standing in slurry

119
Q

How to you prevent digital dermatitis in cattle?

A

Increase frequency of slurry scraping

120
Q

What’s the problem with cattle standing half in and half out of a cubicle?

A

Abnormal foot loading - solar ulcers

121
Q

What is the most common alternative to cubicles for cattle?

A

Straw yards

122
Q

How does low quality straw affect cattle?

A

Damages interdigital skin

123
Q

What is the commonest cause of lameness in cattle?

A

Infection between claws with Fusobacterium

124
Q

Why do cows not like stony paths?

A

Get solar penetration and white line disease

125
Q

What are good alternative to stony paths in cattle?

A

Wood chip, astroturf, soil-cement mix

126
Q

In what countries are tethers still widespread in cattle?

A

Northern

127
Q

What’s a problem with using tethers in cattle?

A

Stereotypies eg tongue rolling

128
Q

What are three advantages of a cattle grooming brush?

A

Improves cow flow, improves welfare, improves yield

129
Q

Since what year has branding cattle been banned?

A

1982

130
Q

Which kind of cattle branding is still allowed?

A

Freeze branding

131
Q

What are alternatives to branding cattle?

A

Microchipping, electronic ID, retinal scanning

132
Q

Which kind of RFID is best for security?

A

Rumen bolus

133
Q

What are the advantages of castrating bulls?

A

Grow better, are leaner, less agressive, prevents misalignment

134
Q

What is a reason not to castrate a bull?

A

Because the disadvantages don’t happen anyway before 18 months

135
Q

Why does disbudding need analgesia?

A

Cortisol remains high after anaesthetic wears off

136
Q

Is it a legal requirement to use analgesia after disbudding?

A

Yes

137
Q

What is one advantage of using local anaesthetic after disbudding?

A

Improved weight gain

138
Q

Which countried still tail dock cattle?

A

Australia/New Zealand

139
Q

Why do some countries still tail dock cattle?

A

Improve parlour cleanliness

140
Q

What are two ways poor stockmanship affects cattle?

A

Increased fear and reduced milk yield

141
Q

What are the problems with a large sliding door in cattle?

A

Lets the calves get wet, bad ventilation if closed, make it windy, stack effect won’t work as has to act as inlet and outlet

142
Q

What is the problem with calves getting wet?

A

They will feel colder at a higher temperature

143
Q

What are six problems caused by lack of outlets/inlets?

A

No air movement, stale air, unthrifty stock, condensation, stuffy and humid, damp bedding

144
Q

What is the problem with interconnected air spaces?

A

Stale air can collect in the middle and may harbour pathogens

145
Q

What is a sign of air hunger in cows?

A

Air hunger (they have low lung capacity)

146
Q

What does a strong ammonia smell indicate?

A

Poor drainage

147
Q

How large should inlets be compared to outlets?

A

Twice the area

148
Q

Where should outlets be compared to the inlets?

A

1m above

149
Q

What happens to the air if the stack effect is not sufficient?

A

Drops onto the animals

150
Q

How does a draught affect the critial temperature?

A

Increases the lower critical temperature

151
Q

What is the TNZ like in ruminants?

A

Wide

152
Q

How do ruminants regulate heat loss?

A

Evaporation

153
Q

Which are the only kind of cattle who need extra heating?

A

Young or sick calves

154
Q

When can the LCT be higher in cattle?

A

At night and in sick calves

155
Q

What happens if below the LCT in cattle?

A

Either eat ore or decrease performance

156
Q

What four things should you do if humidity is too high in cattle housing?

A

More drainage, decrease stocking, avoid wet faeces, ventilate

157
Q

What slope should cattle housing be for drainage?

A

1:20

158
Q

What is the problem with too much space in housing?

A

Stack effect reduced so humidity not removed

159
Q

How much area does each calf need?

A

6m3

160
Q

How does doubling the space each calf has affect the contaminants?

A

Halves the contaminants

161
Q

How high above the floor and stall must inlets be?

A

1.5m

162
Q

What values must you compare to see if air flow is adequate?

A

Actual air flow and required rate

163
Q

What are five reasons the inlet ai may not be balanced?

A

No exhausts, too low inlet area, inlets send air to shared spaces, too low heat production, too high moisture from too low ventilation

164
Q

What makes the best air outlet?

A

Roof open ridges

165
Q

What makes the best inlet?

A

Yorkshire boarding

166
Q

What system must you use if ventilation is insufficient?

A

Positive pressure ventilation tube and fan

167
Q

How many air changes per hour must a positive pressure system provide?

A

4

168
Q

Where must the fan be in a a positive pressure system?

A

Outside the building

169
Q

How large must the tube be in a a positive pressure system?

A

Larger than the fan

170
Q

What can you do to help ventilation if wall are open?

A

Install green galebreakers

171
Q

What is the advantage for dividing up housing for different ages?

A

No common air space

172
Q

Why may some poultry stay inside their shed?

A

Sense of security may be questionable

173
Q

What are four advantages of providing trees to poultry?

A

Increases range use, reduces feather damage, reduces mortality, increases egg shell quality

174
Q

What happens if poultry perches are poorly designed?

A

Bumble foot (staph infection)

175
Q

What year were battery cages banned?

A

2012

176
Q

What are the advantages of enriched colony cages over battery cages?

A

More space and room for nesting, scratching and perching

177
Q

Which kind of pigs are most infection-prone?

A

Weaners

178
Q

What is an adv and dis of perforated floor in pigs?

A

Comfortable but barren so predisposes to behavioural disorders

179
Q

What are four housing characteristics that are especially important for neonatal piglets?

A

Dryness, warmth, hygiene and security

180
Q

Which pig type has the least need for give in housing?

A

Neonates because they are light

181
Q

Which kind of pig is most prone to skin abrasions?

A

Neonates

182
Q

What are four advantages of slatted floors for cattle?

A

Warm, dry, hygienic, feet good

183
Q

What is one problem with slatted floors in cattle?

A

Can get abrasions/bursitis

184
Q

What are two advantages of straw bedding for cattle?

A

Reduces lameness and traumatic laminitis

185
Q

What are two advantages of rubber mats for cattle?

A

Reduce lameness and percussive trauma

186
Q

How many hours per day do cows spend lying/ruminating?

A

12

187
Q

What is one condition caused by inadequate cushioning in cattle?

A

Tarsal bursitis

188
Q

What is the cow comfort quotient?

A

Cows lying correctly / total cows

189
Q

What is the ideal CCQ?

A

80-90%

190
Q

When should you measure the CCQ?

A

1-2 hours post milking/feeding

191
Q

What does the cubicle standing index show?

A

Whether cows are standing half-in half-out of not

192
Q

When should you measure the cubicle standing index?

A

2 hours before milking

193
Q

What should the cubicle standing index be?

A

Less than 20%

194
Q

What is “perching” in cattle?

A

Standing half in half out

195
Q

What is the problem with cattle perching?

A

Puts abnormal loading on flexor tendons and high feet causing solar ulcers and lameness

196
Q

What is one problem with cattle not using cubicles?

A

Lie in slurry and get environmental mastitis

197
Q

How much larger are modern Holsteins than they used to be?

A

6” taller and 1’ longer

198
Q

In which direction will cows choose to lie? Why?

A

Facing uphill - helps breathing and rumination

199
Q

How much of a cows body weight is supported on a cows knees and hock when she is lying?

A

80%

200
Q

What is wrong with the average UK cow cubicle?

A

Too short

201
Q

What are the two problems with too short a cubicle?

A

Either bend head preventing rumination or sit with hidquarters over the curb

202
Q

What position do cows often sit in if the cubicle is too short?

A

Dog sitting

203
Q

What is the problem with a solid lower rail in cattle housing?

A

Pressure on the hip bone

204
Q

If the length is too short, where will the cow lunge her head instead? What is the problem with this?

A

Between the top and bottom side ride - trapped if these are too low

205
Q

Why are narrow cubicles uncomfortable?

A

Cows get wider when they lie down

206
Q

What can be used as a bottom rail instead in cattle?

A

A rope

207
Q

What are head rails for in cattle housing?

A

Position cows correctly when standing

208
Q

What are brisket boards for?

A

Positioning cow correctly when lying

209
Q

What are the 4 rules for where a brisket board should be?

A

Max 10cm high, 1/4 away from front wall, rounded edge, must allow cow to put front foot forward

210
Q

What are the two rules for where a head rail should be?

A

15-25cm below withers, 1/5 away from front wall

211
Q

What do regression equations calculate?

A

Stall and neck rail dimensions with 500kg and 750kg targets

212
Q

Where should cubicle dividers be placed?

A

On vertical posts, not in front of the stall

213
Q

In what direction must the neck rail be placed to avoid cows rubbing it?

A

High and forward

214
Q

What’s the problem with moving the neck rail backwards?

A

Can’t stand in the stall at all

215
Q

What % of cows weight is on their knees and hock when standing?

A

80%

216
Q

What conditions are caused if cow surface is not soft enough?

A

Swollen joints and solar ulcers

217
Q

What’s the problem with using sand as a cow bedding?

A

Blocks the slurry system

218
Q

How can you test if a cow housing is soft enough?

A

Knee drop or knuckle test

219
Q

Which joints of soft bedding especially important for?

A

Knees (front)

220
Q

What should the kerb height be?

A

12-15cm

221
Q

What happens if the kerb height is too high?

A

Hard to exit so won’t enter

222
Q

What does alternate occupancy show is wrong in cow housing?

A

Too short cubicles and inadequate lunging space

223
Q

How much room must there be in a straw yard?

A

Enough for two cows to pass each other

224
Q

What are two disadvantages of using straw for cattle?

A

Higher cost, more mastitis

225
Q

What are two disadvantages of using straw for cattle?

A

More comfortable, higher yield, less lameness

226
Q

How long after milking should you return the cows to the shed so that the teats have time to close?

A

30 minutes

IAM (7 decks)

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