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IAM > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

Which climates do rabbit dislike?

A

Hot and dry

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2
Q

What can cause gut hypomobility in rabbits?

A

Fear and stress

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3
Q

Two problems with house rabbits?

A

May not have enough UV or grazing

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4
Q

Which climates do guinea pigs need protection from?

A

Cold and damp

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5
Q

Which climate do chinchillas like?

A

Dry, cool

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6
Q

Which climates do chinchillas need protection from?

A

Damp and heat

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7
Q

Should chinchillas live alone or in a group?

A

Need friends

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8
Q

What material do chinchillas need in their dust bath?

A

Fine volcanic sand

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9
Q

What material isn’t appropriate for chinchilla housing?

A

Will eat through anything wooden

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10
Q

Which are the solitary hamsters?

A

Syrian

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11
Q

What groups do gerbils live in?

A

Tribal

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12
Q

Which times of day are gerbils awake?

A

Diurnal

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13
Q

What kind of climate do hamsters and gerbils like?

A

Dry

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14
Q

What three behaviours should hamsters and gerbils be able to do?

A

Forage, climb, burrow

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15
Q

What climate do rats like?

A

Cool and moist

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16
Q

What must birds be able to do in their cage by law?

A

Spread their wings

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17
Q

Why should perches vary in texture and diameter?

A

To avoid arthritic change

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18
Q

Which trees are best for bird perches?

A

Willow and fruit trees

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19
Q

Which kind of birds should be bathed?

A

Rainforest/river

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20
Q

How much light do tropical birds need all year?

A

10-12 hours

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21
Q

What climate do birds like?

A

Good humidity

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22
Q

Which kind of heat source to reptiles need?

A

Thermostatic external

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23
Q

Which are the only reptiles which don’t need a UVB source?

A

Snakes

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24
Q

How close to the basking area should the UVB source be?

A

20cm

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25
Q

How often should the UVB source be replace??

A

Annually

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26
Q

What is the problem with back wall heat pads?

A

Don’t give a temperature gradient

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27
Q

What condition can you see if a reptile gets too hot?

A

Enteritis

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28
Q

What do ceramic bulbs provide?

A

Heat but no light

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29
Q

What are two problems with ceramic bulbs?

A

Can’t tell if hot by looking, need wire around it

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30
Q

What is a problem with blue-red bulbs?

A

Don’t last as long

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31
Q

What are heat/light combined bulbs designed for?

A

Additional spot heating in very large enclosure

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32
Q

What can heat/light combined bulbs cause in home use?

A

Dehydration

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33
Q

For most species, how many times a day should you spray?

A

1-2

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34
Q

Why must reptiles have good ventilation?

A

To avoid mould

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35
Q

What kind of misting might some species like frogs need?

A

Automatic misting

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36
Q

What kind of climate do chameleons like?

A

Tropical

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37
Q

What kind of temperatures do chameleons like?

A

High daytime with dramatic drop at night

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38
Q

What kind of humidity do chameleons like?

A

High at night

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39
Q

Where do bearded dragons live?

A

HOT desert

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40
Q

What kind of variation in their climate do bearded dragons like?

A

Diurnal

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41
Q

What kind of UVB do bearded dragons like?

A

HIGH

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42
Q

What kind of heat do bearded dragons like?

A

Hot spot in day

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43
Q

When do snakes especially need a quiet, vibration free environment?

A

When feeding

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44
Q

What might snakes need over winter?

A

A cool rest period

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45
Q

What kind of vivarium can young terrapins live in?

A

Aqua-vivarium

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46
Q

Do young terrapins need light or UVB?

A

Both

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47
Q

Where is a good place for adult terrapins to live?

A

A garden pond

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48
Q

How much space to tortoises need in summer?

A

10m2 each

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49
Q

Why should you rotate tortoise grazing?

A

To avoid roundworm

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50
Q

What season must be extended in tortoises?

A

Summer - into Autumn and Spring

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51
Q

Where can you give tortoises a controlled short hibernation in the UK?

A

In the fridge

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52
Q

What is better than a vivarium for baby tortoises?

A

A tortoise table

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53
Q

What is a problem with moist skin?

A

Gets diseased easily

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54
Q

Do reptiles or amphibians get ill and die faster?

A

Amphibians

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55
Q

What happens to parasites in a moist environment?

A

Build up quickly

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56
Q

What should water be like in an amphibian tank?

A

Filtered and moving (to aid humidity)

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57
Q

What must ventilation be like for amphibians?

A

Very good

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58
Q

Can you mix amphibian species?

A

No

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59
Q

Why should you not use wooden vivaria for amphibians?

A

Water and high humidity

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60
Q

How much of a rabbit’s diet should hay make up?

A

Majority

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61
Q

What kind of vegetables can you give rabbits?

A

Green

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62
Q

Which rabbits require concentrates?

A

Growing and breeding

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63
Q

Which is the best rabbit food?

A

Extruded pellets - Burgess Super Excel and Supreme Selective

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64
Q

What is fibre, startch and Ca:P like in the best rabbit food?

A

Low starch, high fibre, correct Ca:P

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65
Q

What is Supreme “Russel Rabbit”?

A

Alfalfa-based muesli mix

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66
Q

What are cheap rabbit mixes mainly based on?

A

Flaked peas, flaked maize, rolled grains

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67
Q

What is wrong with cheap rabbit mixes?

A

Too high in carbs, low in fibre, incorrect Ca:P ratio

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68
Q

What is wrong with low fibre in rabbits?

A

Messes up gut flora, poor gut motility, non-caecotrophy

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69
Q

Which rabbits are Breeder pellets designed for?

A

Meat rabbits

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70
Q

How quickly can meat rabbits get to slaughter?

A

12 weeks

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71
Q

What are rabbit breeder pellets high in?

A

Energy and protein

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72
Q

What else to rabbit breeder pellets often contain?

A

Coccidiostat

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73
Q

What does too high carbs cause in rabbits?

A

Poor caecal flora, non-caecotrophy, soiled perineum

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74
Q

What can inadequate calcium cause in rabbits?

A

Osteodystrophy and dental disease

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75
Q

What can excess calcium cause in rabbits?

A

Sludge in bladder - calciuria

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76
Q

What is the ideal Ca:P ratio in rabbits?

A

1:1

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77
Q

Which food has the ideal Ca:P ratio in rabbits?

A

Grass

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78
Q

What is wrong with giving carrot tops to rabbits?

A

Too much Ca

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79
Q

What’s wrong with giving maize and peas to rabbits?

A

Too much P - osteodystrophy

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80
Q

What is the maximum concentrates rabbits should have?

A

2-3% of correct body weight

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81
Q

Why should you not give rabbits lettuce?

A

Narcotic

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82
Q

How long will it take to see vitamin C deficiency in rabbits?

A

14 days

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83
Q

How much can vitamin C requirement increase during growth, sickness etc?

A

2-3x

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84
Q

What happens if guinea pigs don’t get enough fibre?

A

Barbering

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85
Q

What kind of grass is a good source of vitamin C?

A

Actively growing

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86
Q

What happens to vitamin C levels once a vegetable is cut?

A

Decreases

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87
Q

What are Supreme Pet Foods “Gertie Guinea Pig” based on?

A

Alfalfa

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88
Q

How much vitamin C does Supreme Pet Foods “Gertie Guinea Pig” have?

A

250mg/kg

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89
Q

How many more times vitamin C does Burgess Super Guinea Pig have than Gertie Guinea Pig?

A

Three times

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90
Q

How much vitamin C does Burgess Super Guinea have?

A

1000mg/kg

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91
Q

What else is Burgess Super Guinea high in?

A

Fibre

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92
Q

What skeletal problems can lack of vitamin C cause in guinea pigs?

A

Joint swelling and pain, esp if young

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93
Q

What dental problems can lack of vitamin C cause in guinea pigs?

A

malocclusion secondary to scurvy, traps tongue

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94
Q

What three things can deactivate vitamin C in water?

A

Heat or sunlight, organic matter, contact with metal of water bottles

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95
Q

What is the maximum fat chinchillas can stand?

A

3%

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96
Q

What is vegetation like where chinchillas live?

A

Poor and fibrous

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97
Q

What treat can chinchillas have?

A

Hard vegetables and fruit, occasional sultanas and raisins

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98
Q

What do good quality chinchilla pellets look like?

A

Slim and hard

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99
Q

What do good quality chinchilla pellets contain?

A

Low fat, high vit C

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100
Q

What do poor quality chinchilla pellets look like?

A

Crumbly, cheap, high fat

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101
Q

What is wrong with Supreme Pet Food “Charlie Chinchilla”?

A

Allows selective feeding, not abrasive enough for good dental health

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102
Q

What vitamin C rate should chinchillas have?

A

Same as guinea pigs

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103
Q

What can hypocalcaemia cause in young chinchillas?

A

Fits

104
Q

What can too much watery veg cause in chinchillas?

A

Colic/bloat

105
Q

What skin problems can incorrect feeding cause in chinchillas?

A

Greasy fur and scaly skin

106
Q

What are two other problems incorrect feeding can cause in chinchillas?

A

Fatty liver disease, paraphimosis

107
Q

What should you not give to chinchillas as a sudden change in diet?

A

Fermentable foods

108
Q

Which niche do Degus occupy?

A

Rabbit

109
Q

What happens to Degus if fed an omnivore diet?

A

Get diabetes mellitus

110
Q

What is a first sign of diabetes in Degus?

A

Cataracts

111
Q

Which four species are naturally omnivorous?

A

Rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils

112
Q

Which pellets can you give Degus?

A

Guinea pig

113
Q

Which pellets should you not give Degus?

A

Gerbil or hamster

114
Q

What are the problems with Supreme Pet Foods Rat, Hamster and Gerbil?

A

Selective feeding, produce obesity, not enough animal protein

115
Q

Which small mammals can have live insects?

A

Gerbils and hamsters in glass-sided enclosures

116
Q

What are the problems with cheap food for rats/mice/hamsters/gerbils?

A

Low in animal protein and EFAs, marginal calcium

117
Q

What do laboratory animal pellets have in that makes them good but owners unwilling to feed?

A

Fishmeal

118
Q

What’s the problem with complete extruded ferret foods?

A

Not as fun as normal prey, not as good for teeth as a carcase

119
Q

What’s the problem with tinned cat food for ferrets?

A

Predisposes to dental disease

120
Q

What is the only reliable tooth care for ferrets?

A

A carcase

121
Q

What should you remove from a day-old chick before giving to a ferret? Why?

A

Yolk - contains avidin (an anti-B vitamin)

122
Q

What disease is commonly seen in parrots due to too much fatty seeds?

A

Fatty liver disease

123
Q

What are two essential amino acids for birds?

A

Lysine and methionine

124
Q

Where are lysine and methionine only found?

A

Pulses, maize, animal problem

125
Q

Which birds are neophobic?

A

All

126
Q

Which are the only birds which can have more than 8% fat in the diet?

A

The big macaws - or those that live outside

127
Q

Which birds eat entirely seeds?

A

NONE

128
Q

How much fat do the big macaws need?

A

18%

129
Q

How can you best provide fat in a birds diet?

A

large oil-rich nuts e.g. brazils, walnuts

130
Q

Why are egg foods good for birds?

A

Lots of lysine and methionine, lots of protein

131
Q

What are egg foods also known as?

A

Rearing foods

132
Q

Which birds owners usually feed egg foods?

A

Those that breed and show small bird species

133
Q

What are egg feed and seed mix and almost balanced diet for?

A

Finches/canaries, budgerigars, cockatiels

134
Q

What kind of diets do softbill birds have?

A

Insectivorous

135
Q

What are some softbill birds?

A

Thrushes, robins, starlings

136
Q

What should the diet be low in for Mynahs?

A

Iron

137
Q

Which kind of birds need more iodine than other species?

A

Budgies

138
Q

What are two problems with in-water supplements for birds?

A

Very sweet so “bacterial soup” and birds don’t drink much anyway

139
Q

What are millet sprays good for?

A

Getting sick birds to eat

140
Q

What’s one problem with millet seeds?

A

Cause obesity in caged birds

141
Q

What is the ideal budgie mix?

A

Trill (seed supplemented with egg food and iodine)

142
Q

What is mainly in budgie mix?

A

Millet and canary seed

143
Q

What are some green food that budgies can have?

A

Chickweed, plantain, dandelion, lettuce

144
Q

Which mixes should cockatiels have?

A

Cockatiel or small parakeet

145
Q

What can you give to cockatiels if they are overweight?

A

Budgie mix - has less fat-rich seeds

146
Q

What is different about canary mix?

A

More fat rich as they need higher oil level

147
Q

Why do canaries need a higher oil level?

A

Higher metabolic rate

148
Q

What do you feed show canaries during a moult?

A

Colour food

149
Q

What species does “parrot” include?

A

African greys, Amazons, cockatoos

150
Q

How much animal protein do parrots each?

A

Some, from time to time

151
Q

What is the maximum fat most parrots require in the diet?

A

8%

152
Q

What are the only parrots that need more than 8% fat?

A

The large macaws

153
Q

What does “parrot mix” mainly contain?

A

Sunflower seed and peanuts

154
Q

Which spores can be found in parrot mix?

A

Aspergillus

155
Q

How much fat does parrot mix have?

A

45-50%

156
Q

What 6 things is parrot mix low in?

A

Fibre, calcium, EFAs, lysine, methionine, fat soluble vitamins

157
Q

What’s the problem with complete extruded diets for parrots?

A

Not easy to convert them to these, boring, unvarying, low fibre

158
Q

What can you give parrots for the essential amino acids?

A

Maize or pulses

159
Q

What can you give parrots for carbohydrates?

A

Rice, cooked potatoes, pasta

160
Q

What do you do to a parrot pulses mix before feeding?

A

Soak and cook

161
Q

What is a disadvantage of feeding a pulses mix to parrots?

A

Time consuming

162
Q

What is an advantage of feeding a pulses mix to parrots?

A

Cheap

163
Q

Which two foods are toxic to parrots?

A

Chocolate and avocado

164
Q

What does high salt cause in parrots?

A

Pruritis, feather picking

165
Q

Can parrots have fermented milk products?

A

Yes

166
Q

What is “tidy mix”?

A

Parrot mix with the husks removed

167
Q

What is wrong with “parrot mix with fruit”?

A

Dried fruit has little nutritional value

168
Q

What foods do some parrot care books prohibit?

A

Banana and pineapple

169
Q

Which parrots can banana be a problem in?

A

Very young

170
Q

Which parrots especially need a supplement?

A

Young, breeding, African Greys

171
Q

What is the standard balanced supplement for parrots?

A

Nutrobal

172
Q

What are the advantages to feeding yoghurt to parrots?

A

Gleaming feathers

173
Q

Can parrots digest milk?

A

No

174
Q

What do lorikeets eat?

A

Nectar +/- fruit

175
Q

What kind of animal protein will Med tortoises opportunistically eat?

A

Snail/worm

176
Q

What temperature is the soil where Med tortoises hibernate?

A

4-5 degrees

177
Q

What is the soil like in the wild where tortoises live?

A

Calcium-rich, alkaline

178
Q

What happens if you feed a tortoise the same food throughout the year?

A

Grows too fast

179
Q

How much of the year should the tortoise be grazing?

A

7-8 months

180
Q

How can you give tortoises extra calcium?

A

Cuttlefish or supplement on fruit

181
Q

What are three foods you should not let a tortoise get hooked on?

A

Dog food, peas, beans

182
Q

What happens if owners give tortoises too much protein?

A

Overgrown beaks and claws, liver disease

183
Q

What supplementation do tortoises living in polytunnels need?

A

Vitamin A

184
Q

What condition do obese tortoises get?

A

Fibrous osteodystrophy

185
Q

Which age tortoises are prone to osteodystrophy?

A

Young

186
Q

What do terrapins rarely eat in captivity?

A

Vegetation

187
Q

What should you feed juvenile and adult terrapins on?

A

Pelleted foods

188
Q

What can you also feed young terrapins?

A

Aquatic live foods

189
Q

What happens if you feed terrapins red meat?

A

Osteodystrophy

190
Q

What do leopard geckos eat?

A

Insects

191
Q

When is the only time you should give mealworms to leopard geckos?

A

Calorie rush before breeding

192
Q

What is the Ca:P ratio of mealworms?

A

1:22

193
Q

What happens if you give mealworms to leopard geckos?

A

Osteodystrophy

194
Q

What Ca:P ratio do leopard geckos need?

A

2:1

195
Q

What is the Ca:P ratio of crickets and locusts?

A

0.8:1

196
Q

After how long should you bin a tub of supplement?

A

3-4 months

197
Q

What do iguanas eat?

A

Leaves, flowers, a little fruit

198
Q

Which kind of UV do iguanas need?

A

VERY HIGH, full spectrum (rainforest canopy)

199
Q

What is iguana growth like?

A

Slow

200
Q

What should bearded dragons eat?

A

Green first, flowers, fruits, insects

201
Q

How many times a week should bearded dragons have insects?

A

Twice per week

202
Q

What happens if bearded dragons get too much insects?

A

Constipation

203
Q

How many UV strips should bearded dragons have?

A

Two

204
Q

Where does the Bosc monitor live?

A

North Africa

205
Q

What do bosc monitors eat?

A

Carnivorous

206
Q

Why do Bosc monitors end up being overfed?

A

Walk a long way in the wild, always hungry

207
Q

What are four problems caused by obesity in Bosc monitors?

A

Sore feet, fatty liver, hypovitaminosis E, haemorrhagic GE

208
Q

Why shouldn’t day old chicks be a significant part of a snakes diet?

A

Very low calcium, contain avidin unless the yolk sac is removed

209
Q

What does frequency of snake feeding depend on?

A

Their size

210
Q

How often are baby snakes fed?

A

3-7 days

211
Q

How often are medium-sized snakes fed?

A

7-21 days

212
Q

How often are big snakes fed?

A

Every 4-6 weeks

213
Q

Why do snakes stop eating after coming home?

A

Stressed with noise and vibration

214
Q

How much should you feed a snake in one sitting?

A

As much as it wants

215
Q

How do you know when to feed a snake again?

A

When the last meal has passed out

216
Q

How large can the prey you feed a snake be?

A

The widest diameter of the snake

217
Q

Why should you not handle a snake after feeding?

A

Regurgitates

218
Q

What are the six sizes of rats sold to feed snakes?

A

Pups, fluffs, weaners, small, medium, large

219
Q

What are the five sizes of mice sold to feed snakes?

A

Pinkies, fluffs, small, medium, large

220
Q

What colour mice should you try if a snake won’t feed?

A

Dark brown

221
Q

Which are the only snakes that might need freshly killed prey?

A

Imported wild

222
Q

What kind of food do ALL adult amphibians eat?

A

Carnivorous

223
Q

What must the prey be doing for an amphibian to eat it?

A

Moving

224
Q

Why can fish survive out of water for hours?

A

Die because of CO2 rise, not O2 lack

225
Q

What are the dissolved gases in water?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia and carbon dioxide

226
Q

When can fish temperature be elevated?

A

For therapy/breeding

227
Q

What is a problem with elevated fish temperature?

A

Lower dissolved oxygen partial pressure

228
Q

When may fish temperature be lower?

A

Transportation

229
Q

What is a problem with disturbed sediment in a fish tank?

A

Higher O2 requirement

230
Q

What is a problem with super-saturation of gases?

A

Nitrogen - gas bubble dieases

231
Q

What commensal can cause opportunistic infection in fish?

A

Aeromonas

232
Q

What causes stress with fish in the Spring and Summer?

A

Large diurnal temperature changes

233
Q

What are four methods of fish euthanasia?

A

Direct trauma, electrical stunning, clove oil, MS222 (benzocaine)

234
Q

How should you transport a fish?

A

Double, thick polythene bags, thermal insulation, rigid container, 1/3 air/oxygen, sedatives

235
Q

How is nitrate formed?

A

Ammonia to nitrite to nitrate

236
Q

What’s a problem with under gravel filters?

A

Can clog

237
Q

What’s a problem with excessive tank cleaning?

A

Inadequate bacterial presence

238
Q

What is new tank disease?

A

Lack of bacterial presence

239
Q

What is an advantage of lilies in a fish tank?

A

Shade/protection

240
Q

What are three ways on controlling algae?

A

Mechanical, UV, herbivorous fish

241
Q

What’s a problem with plants in a fish tank?

A

Can bring snails or parasites

242
Q

What two things must water depth be sufficient for?

A

Overwintering and thermal buffering capacity

243
Q

What’s a problem with high water flow?

A

Can exhaust delicate fish

244
Q

What are the three stages of style in zoo enclosure?

A

Menagerie, living art galleries, experience oritented

245
Q

What are the three cornerstones in zoos?

A

Education, conservation, entertainment/research

246
Q

What does the European Zoos Directive say?

A

Sets standards

247
Q

What does the zoo licensing act 1981 say?

A

Must provide well-adapted environment, vetcare and husbandry

248
Q

What are SSSMZPs?

A

Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice

249
Q

How do SSSMZPs categorise animals?

A

According to risk 1-3

250
Q

What are five ways to quantify welfare?

A

Indicator behaviours, activity budgets, behaviour diversity, enclosure usage, physiological responses

251
Q

Which two methods measure how much time is spent doing each behaviour?

A

Activity budgets and behavioural diversity

252
Q

What does a spread of participation index do?

A

Splits the enclosure into zones and measures how much time animals spend in each

253
Q

What do 0 and 1 in a spread of participation index mean?

A

0 = no bias, 1 = spend all time in one place

254
Q

What four conditions must be in place for live feeding?

A

Allowed in exceptional surfaces and veterinary advice, requires ethical review, feeding must be observed, never in public view

255
Q

In which species is diabetes a big problem?

A

Old World monkeys

256
Q

What are seven ways of preventing flight in birds?

A

Small enclosure, feather clipping, overfeeding, tethering, brailling, pinioning, tendonectomy

257
Q

What is pinioning?

A

Removing pinion joint so can’t grow primary feathers

IAM (7 decks)

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