Housing Flashcards
NY state legislation associated with the public health movement and model tenement movement (1855).
2nd half of 1800s
First major housing code in the US.
Required rooms have windows (not required to open to the outside).
Tenement House Act of 1867
NY state legislateion passed to address 1867 act’s shortcomings.
Required all windows to open to outside air - lead to dumbbell tenements (open air shafts).
Lead to “old law tenements” - poor lighting, little air, and little space.
Tenement House Act of 1879
Book published by Jacob Riis (1890).
Used photos to show NYC poor.
How the Other Half Lives
NY State legislation that outlawed dumbbell tenements.
“New Law tenements”
Vigorously enforced by the City - required inspections and permits for construction and alterations.
Required wider light and air access, toilets/running water in every unit.
Tenement House Law of 1901
Published by Clarence Perry in 1929.
Part of Regional Plan of New York and its Environs.
Defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius with school at the center.
Approximate area of160 acres.
Neighborhood Unit Concept
Created in 1934 (Great Depression)
Provided 85% of the cost of public housing projects.
First federally supported public housing program.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Passed by US Congress in 1934.
Established Federal Housing Administration (FHA) with purpose of insuring home mortgages.
National Housing Act
Government agency that used New Deal funds to develop new towns (Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD).
1935 - Depression era
Resettlement Administration
$500 million in home loans for low-cost housing development.
Tied slum clearence to public housing (first time).
Established “Section 8” - authorized rental assitance where owner reserves some/all units of a building for low-income tenants.
1937
U.S. Housing Act of 1937
AKA “G.I. Bill”
Guranteed home loans to veterans
1944
Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944
First comprehensive housing legislation.
Called for construction of 800,000 new housing units.
Emphasized slum clearence.
1949
Housing Act of 1949
Federal legislation called for slum prevention/urban renewal.
Funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population.
Section 701 funds expanded later for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.
1954
Housing Act of 1954
Federal Legislation made matching federal funds available for comprehensive planning at metropolitan, region, state, and interstate levels.
1959
Housing Act of 1959
Federal legislation that provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations and similar for construction of public housing projects for low/moderate income families.
1961
Housing Act of 1961
Government agency formed in 1965.
Established rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.
U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
1966 launch of the model cities program.
Financial incentives for coordinated metro planning for open space, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit.
Loan gurantee program to encourage development of “new communities”.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
Part of the 1968 Civil Rights Act - racial discrimination in sale/rental/financing of housing is illegal.
Title VIII and Title IX of Civil Rights Act…
Based on race, religion, national origin, and sex.
Disabilities and families with kids (1988)
Fair Housing Act (FHA) of 1968
Provided for construction of six million subsideized housing units.
Authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.
1968
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
1954-1972
St. Louis high-rise public housing
Demolition marked shift away from high-rise, concentrated poverty public housing.
Pruitt-Igoe
Program created under Housing and Community Development Act (1974)
Federal funds (flexible) to communities to improve blighted areas.
Consolidation of 6 urban programs into one.
Established Section 8 voucher program (as we know it today) - rent subsidies for low-income housing.
Community Development Block Grant (CBDG) Program
Legislation that regualted manufactured housing units (mobile homes).
Local ordinances can regulate location, size, and appearance.
Mobile homes 1976-present (updated in 2000).
National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974
Federal Legislation that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.
Stemmed from credit shortages in some neighborhoods.
Ensures banks are serving their communities fairly and prevents discriminatory lending patterns.
1975
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) of 1975
Federal legislation encouraging banks to meet credit needs of low- and mdoer-income neighborhoods.
Reverse the effects of redlining.
Requires federal regulations to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to neighborhoods.
1977
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977
Government program to promote public-private partnerships for urban redevleopment.
Required intergovernmental cooperation in project placement.
Cut funding to Section 701 comprehensive planning program.
1977 (amendment to 1974 Housing and Community Development Act).
Urban Development Action Grant Program (1977)
Established HOME program - funds for housing rehabilitation.
1990
National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
Congressional grant program provides funds for redevelopment of public housing.
Allowed for demolition of public housing and reconstruction of mixed-income housing, instead.
Followed new-urbanism.
Disperserd public housing from previously concentrated areas.
1992
HOPE IV (1992)
HUD required plan - need to receive funds.
Single application for CDBG, HOME, ESG, and HOPWA programs.
Process and a document for housing, homeless, and community development issues and actions.
1995
Consolidated Plan
What percentage of America will be over the age of 65 by 2030?
20% of U.S. population
Operate in low- and moderate-inocme areas.
Certified by U.S. Treasurey
Locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.
Community Development Banks
Unincorporated subdivisions with little/no infrastructure sold to low-incoe immigrants and minorities.
AZ, CA, NM, and TX
Result of little affordable housing near Mexican border.
500,000 people live in 2,294 of these.
Colonias
Term for broad range of topics promoting economic, social, and environmenal health.
Community Development
Affordable housing for teachers, nurses, police, etc.
Workforce Housing
Term for cities encouraging residents to occupy/renovate vacant city properties.
HUD can sell Federally owend properties to be sold to homesteaders.
Urban Homesteading
Interest/increased property value earned from labor.
Ex. Habitat for Humanity
Sweat Equity
Homelessness Notes
Lack of affordable hosuing, limited scale of housing assistance programs contribute to current crisis.
Foreclosure rates increased since Great Recession.
Linked with poverty - major expense poor people can’t cover.
Other major issues = lack of health care, domestic violence, mental illness and addiction.
