HORMONES, VITAMINS, & MINERALS Flashcards
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands:
A. Genes
B. Hormones
C. Vitamins
D. Enzymes
B. Hormones
Which among the following vitamins may cause extensive vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure and calcinosis of soft tissues when taken in excess?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B3
C. Vitamin B6
D. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin D
Which hormone can regulate the level of blood sodium level?
A. Corticosteroid
B. Cortisol
C. Aldosterone
D. Sterol
C. Aldosterone
Condition wherein bile pigment is present in excess in the blood?
A. Jaundice
B. Hepatitis
C. Cirrhosis
D. Cystic fibrosis
A. Jaundice
The substance responsible for the emulsion of fats is:
A. Gastric acid
B. Bile acids
C. Pepsin
D. Trypsin
B. Bile acids
Which vitamin can be used in the management of hyperlipidemia:
A. Thiamine
B. Niacin
C. Riboflavin
D. Panthothenic acid
B. Niacin
Growth hormone is also known as:
A. Thyrotropic hormone
B. Somatotropin
C. Gonadotropin
D. Luteinizing hormone
E. ACTH
B. Somatotropin
Separates from cells when blood is coagulated:
A. Fibrinogen
B. Serum
C. Plasma
D. Thrombin
B. Serum
A hormone which stimulates glycogenesis:
A. Insulin
B. Glucagons
C. Epinephrine
D. Vasopressin
A. Insulin
Chemicals extracted from organism such as bacteria and can inhibit growth or destroy other microorganism:
A. Vitamins
B. Bacteria
C. Hormone
D. Antibiotics
E. Both A and C
D. Antibiotics
FSH and interstitial cell – stimulating hormones are produced by the:
A. Islets of langerhands
B. Thymus gland
C. Thyroid glands
D. Pineal gland
E. Pituitary glands
E. Pituitary glands
Which of the following statements is (are) true about insulin:
I. Insulin is a hormone
II. Insulin is a protein
III. Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas
IV. Insulin is rapidly distributed throughout extracellular fluid
A. I, III and IV only
B. I and II only
C. I, II, III and IV
D. I, II and IV
C. I, II, III and IV
The protein precursor of thyroxine is:
A. Ornithine
B. Threonine
C. Tryptophan
D. Thyroglobulin
D. Thyroglobulin
Each molecule of vitamin B12 contains an atom of:
A. Potassium
B. Copper
C. Cobalt
D. Nickel
E. Zinc
C. Cobalt
A substance found commonly in fermented foods that can be toxic when monoamine oxidase inhibitors are used:
A. Adenosine diphosphate
B. Adenosine triphosphate
C. Tyramine
D. Histidine
E. Phenylalamine
C. Tyramine
Somastatin is also known as:
A. Growth hormone
B. HMG CoA Reductase
C. Vasopressin
D. Growth hormone release inhibitor
E. Desmopressin
D. Growth hormone release inhibitor
Absence of anti-diuretic hormone in the body causes:
A. Kidney failure
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Nephritis
E. Hypertensive crisis
B. Diabetes insipidus
Which of the following conditions are associated with increase blood ammonia levels?
A. Reye’s syndrome
B. Liver disease
C. Neuropathy
D. Dermatitis
E. Streptococcal infection
B. Liver disease
Myxedema is a malfunction of which gland?
A. Anterior pituitary
B. Posterior pituitary
C. Adrenal
D. Parathyroid
E. Thyroid
E. Thyroid
Male luteinizing hormone:
A. is not present
B. has no effect
C. Suppress testosterone production
D. Stimulates testosterone production
D. Stimulates testosterone production
Which of the following conditions are usually measured via the D-xylose test?
A. Malabsorption
B. Brain tumor
C. Glucose metabolism
D. Renal dysfunction
E. Thyroid function
A. Malabsorption
Which of the following hormones is a polypeptide?
A. Epinephrine
B. Testosterone
C. Progesterone
D. Triiodotyronine
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Iodine is primarily important in the biochemical synthesis of:
A. ACTH
B. Thyroxin
C. Adrenalin
D. Calcitonin
E. Parathyroid hormone
B. Thyroxin
Which of the following hormones is NOT synthesized from cholesterol?
A. Progesterone
B. Testosterone
C. Estradiol
D. Cortisol
E. Relaxin
E. Relaxin
In which of the following combinations is the name of the hormone, its chemical type and its tissue of origin correctly matched?
A. Aldosterone – Peptide – Pancreas
B. Glucagon – Peptide – Adrenal cortex
C. Epinephrine – Steroid – Adrenal medulla
D. ACTH – Polypeptide – Adrenal cortex
E. Vasopressin – Peptide – Posterior pituitary
E. Vasopressin – Peptide – Posterior pituitary
Each of the following characterizes a peptide hormone, except:
A. Stored in secretory granules
B. Synthesized in a precursor form
C. Binds to intracellular receptors
D. Acts by generating a second messenger
E. Usually transported unbound in plasma
D. Acts by generating a second messenger
The intracellular, “second” messenger for many peptide and polypeptide hormones is:
A. AMP
B. ATP
C. cAMP
D. adenylate cyclase
E. a cytoplasmic receptor.
C. cAMP
Which of the following generates a slowly developing long-term response in target tissues by binding to an intracellular receptor?
A. Glucagon
B. Estrogen
C. Prolactin
D. Growth hormone
E. Parathyroid hormone
B. Estrogen
Epinephrine causes an elevation in cAMP levels in muscle cells which in turn activate:
A. ATPase
B. Adenyl cyclase
C. Glycogen synthetase
D. Glycogen phosphorylase
E. Glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase
D. Glycogen phosphorylase
Which of the following hormones does NOT induce activation of adenylate cyclase?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Parathyroid hormone
A. Insulin
The hyperglycemic effect of glucagon is mediated primarily through:
A. the growth hormone
B. muscle glycolysis
C. liver glycogenolysis
D. inhibition of cortisol action
E. enhanced glucose reabsorption by renal tubules
C. liver glycogenolysis
Two hormones which act similarly to increase glycogen and lipid breakdown as well as cyclic AMP synthesis are:
A. Insulin and calcitonin
B. Glucagon and epinephrine
C. Aldosterone and testosterone
D. Parathyroid hormone and glucagon
B. Glucagon and epinephrine
Which of the following takes place as proinsulin is converted to insulin?
A. Disulfide bonds are formed
B. Disulfide bonds are broken
C. The polypeptide chain is lengthened
D. A segment of the polypeptide chain is removed
D. A segment of the polypeptide chain is removed
Inhibition of lipolysis, stimulation of protein synthesis and increased entry of glucose into muscles and adipose tissues are biologic actions of the hormone:
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Glucagons
D. Epinephrine
E. Testosterone
A. Insulin
Which of the following is a principal action of insulin?
A. To mobilize lipid deposits
B. To enhance cell permeability to glucose
C. To decrease cell permeability to glucose
D. To conserve glucose by breaking down amino acids
B. To enhance cell permeability to glucose
Aldosterone is normally associated with partial regulation of which of the following processes?
A. Sodium balance
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Lipid digestion
D. Protein degradation
E. Carbohydrate metabolism
A. Sodium balance
Which of the following BEST explains the primary action of anti – diuretic hormone?
A. It decreases the activity of the Na-K pump in the distal tubule
B. It increases the H2O permeability of the collecting ducts and the distal tubules
C. It decreases the pore size of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts
D. It decreases the glomerular filtration rate
E. It inhibits the action of glutaminase
B. It increases the H2O permeability of the collecting ducts and the distal tubules
The parathyroid hormone acts in the body by:
A. Decreasing absorption of calcium in the intestinal tract
B. Accelerating the removal of calcium and PO4^-3 from the skeleton but not from the teeth
C. Stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver
D. Decreasing the excretion of sodium and chloride
E. All of the above
B. Accelerating the removal of calcium and PO4^-3 from the skeleton but not from the teeth
Hyperparathyroidism is marked by:
A. Chronic tetany
B. High blood calcium level
C. Retention of phosphates by the kidneys
D. Storage of excess minerals in the bones
E. Increased irritability of excitable tissues
B. High blood calcium level
The low serum phosphate level in hyperparathyroidism is caused by:
A. increased renal loss of phosphate
B. decreased absorption of phosphate
C. increased deposition of calcium phosphate in bone
D. increased reabsorption of calcium phosphate from bone
A. increased renal loss of phosphate
Hydrolysis of thyroglobulin liberates a number of iodinated compounds. Two are considered thyroid hormones. These are:
A. Tyrosine and thyronine
B. Tyrosine and diiodotyrosine
C. Thyroxin and triiodothyronine
D. Thyroxin and triiodotyrosine
C. Thyroxin and triiodothyronine
Secretin functions in digestion of proteins by increasing:
A. flow of bile
B. Secretion of pepsin
C. Flow of pancreatic juice
D. Secretion of carboxypeptidase
C. Flow of pancreatic juice
Thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids and gonadal steroids are similar in that each
A. is derived from cholesterol
B. is derived from amino acids
C. acts on only one target organ or tissue
D. is released in response to signals from the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary complex
E. is released in response to signals from the hypothalamic-posterior pituitary complex
D. is released in response to signals from the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary complex
Which of the following describes the principal mechanism by which glucocorticoids stimulate their target cells?
A. They activate specific genes
B. They activate initiation factors for protein synthesis
C. They increase the intracellular Ca++ concentration
D. They allosterically modify adenylate cyclase activity
E. They bind to cell membrane receptors and activate adenylate cyclase
A. They activate specific genes
The gallbladder is caused to contract by the hormone:
A. Gastrin
B. Secretin
C. Pancreozymin
D. Enterogastrone
E. Cholecystokinin
E. Cholecystokinin
Androgens are produced in the testis and:
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Pituitary
E. Hypothalamus
A. Adrenal cortex
