Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

strength and conditioning > hormones > Flashcards

hormones Flashcards

1
Q

the synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone

A

anabolic steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the blood by the endocrine glands and certain other cells

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

neuroendocrinology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

following stimulation, endocrine glands release peptide hormones to hormone specific receptors located…

A

on the surface (of the target tissue cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

following stimulation, endocrine glands release steroid hormones and thyroid hormones into the blood which carries the hormones to hormone-specific receptors located…

A

in the nucleus of the target tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

instance where instead of being released into the bloodstream, the hormone is released into the cell that secretes it

A

autocrine secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

instead of being released into the bloodstream, the hormone is released to interact with adjacent cells

A

paracrine secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

secreted by anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates insulin-like growth factor 1, protein synthesis, growth and metabolism

A

growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates analgesia

A

beta-endorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates growth of the follicles in ovary and seminiferous tubules in testes; stimulates ovum and sperm production

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates ovulation and secretion of sex hormones in ovaries and testes

A

luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates milk production in mammary glands, maintains corporalutea and secretion of progesterone

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates melanocytes, which contain the dark pigment melanin

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, this hormone increases contraction of smooth muscle and reabsorption of water by kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk by mammary glands

A

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

secreted by the thyroid gland, this hormone stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth

A

thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

secreted by the thyroid gland, this hormone reduces calcium phosphate levels in blood

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secreted by the parathyroid glands, this hormone increases blood calcium; decreases blood phosphate; stimulates bone formation

A

parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

secreted by the pancreas, this hormone stores glycogen and promotes glucose entry into cells; involved in protein synthesis

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

secreted by the pancreas, this hormone increases blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex, this hormone inhibits amino acid incorporation into proteins; stimulates conversion of proteins into carbohydrates; maintain normal blood sugar level; conserve glucose; promote use of fat

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex, these hormones increase body fluids via sodium-potassium metabolism

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, , etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

secreted by the liver, these hormones increase protein synthesis in cells

A

insulin-like growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

secreted by the adrenal medulla, this hormone increases cardiac output; increases blood sugar and glycogen breakdown and fat metabolism

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

secreted by the adrenal medulla, this hormone has properties of epinephrine; also constricts blood vessels

A

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

secreted by the adrenal medulla, these hormones enhance immune cell function, anagesia effects

A

proenkephalin fragments (eg, peptide F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

secreted by the ovaries, these hormones stimulate development of female sex characteristics

A

estrogens

30
Q

secreted by the ovaries, this hormone stimulates development of female sex characteristics and mammary glands; maintains pregnancy

A

progesterone

31
Q

secreted by the testes, this hormone stimulates growth; increases in protein anabolism, and development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

A

testosterone

32
Q

secreted by the heart, this hormone regulates sodium, potassium and fluid volume

A

atrial peptide

33
Q

secreted by the kidneys, this hormone regulates kidney function, permeability, solute

A

renin

34
Q

the study of the neural, endocrine, and immune systems

A

neuroendocrine immunology

35
Q

hormones that promote tissue building (eg, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, testosterone, and growth hormone)

A

anabolic hormones

36
Q

hormones that degrade cell proteins (eg, cortisol and progesterone)

A

catabolic hormones

37
Q

these proteins can go through a change in their molecular structure from Type IIx to Type II a heavy chain proteins in response to resistance training.

A

myosin heavy-chain (MHC) proteins

38
Q

the most prominent resistance training adaptation

A

an increase in the amount of a muscle’s contractile proteins: actin and myosin

39
Q

also an adaptation to resistance training: these proteins must be synthesized before the contractile proteins to provide structure and orientation for the contractile proteins

A

noncontractile proteins

40
Q

the signal from a hormone (and thereby its effect) is relayed only to cells that express the __________for that specific hormone

A

receptor

41
Q

binding proteins for growth hormones are an example of which form of receptor

A

mobile receptors

42
Q

receptors integrated into the cell membrane are _______

A

polypeptide receptors

43
Q

receptors on the regulatory elements of the DNA are

A

steroid receptors

44
Q

the principle that a given hormone reacts with a specific receptor is ___________

A

lock-and-key theory

45
Q

though only one hormone has exactly the right characteristics to react with a specific receptor, if the receptor can partially react with other hormones, it is said to have _____

A

cross-reactivity

46
Q

sites at which substances other than hormones can enhance or reduce the cellular response at a receptor

A

allosteric binding sites

47
Q

when further adaptation is no longer possible and the receptor becomes nonresponsive to a certain hormone, this is called

A

downregulation

48
Q

the number of hormone _________ can increase or decrease as an adaptation to exercise training

A

receptors

49
Q

these hormones are fat soluble and can passively diffuse across the sarcalemma of a muscle fiber. example: testosterone

A

steroid hormones

50
Q

these hormones are made up of amino acids and include growth hormone and insulin

A

polypeptide hormones

51
Q

3 major signalng pathways used by polypeptide hormones

A

(1) cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent (AMP) signaling pathway; (2) cytokine-activated JAK/STAT signaling pathway; (3) prototypical growth factor, mitogen-activated signaling pathway

52
Q

acute hormonal secretions in response to heavy resistance exercise

A

(1) provide information to body regarding amount and type of physiological stress: epinephrine, (2) metabolic demands of exercise: insulin (3) need for changes in resting metabolism

53
Q

summarize the hormonal adaptation to heavy resistance exercise

A

the specific force produced in activated fibers stimulates receptor and membrane sensitivities to anabolic factors, including hormones, which lead to muscle growth and strength changes.

54
Q

factors affecting hormonal interaction with muscle tissue

A

(1) exercise acutely increases blood concentrations of hormones so probability of interaction is greater; (2) because adaptations to resistance training are typically anabolic, recovery mechanisms are related to increases in cell size; (3) mistakes in exercise prescriptions can result in a greater catabolic effect or an ineffective exercise program

55
Q

hormonal changes in peripheral blood

A

(1) fluid volume shifts; (2) tissue clearance rates (3) hormonal degradation; (4) venous pooling of blood; (5) interactions with binding proteins in the blood

56
Q

adaptations in the endocrine system

A

(1) amount of synthesis and storage of hormones; (2) transport of hormones via binding proteins;(3) time needed for the clearance of hormones through liver and other tissues; (4) amount of hormonal degradation that takes place over a given period of time; (5) how much blood-to-tissue fluid shift occurs with exercise stress; (6) how tightly the hormone binds to its receptor (receptor affinity). this is an uncommon response to exercise training; (7) how many receptors are in the tissue; (8) the magnitude of the signal sent to the cell nucleus by the H-RC or secondary messenger; (9) the degree of interaction with the cell nucleus (which dictates how much muscle protein to produce)

57
Q

primary anabolic hormones

A

(1) testosterone; (2) growth hormone; (3) insulin-like growth factors;

58
Q

the primary androgen hormone that interacts with skeletal muscle

A

testosterone

59
Q

in men, large muscle group exercises affect serum total testosterone levels

A

acutely increase serum testosterone levels

60
Q

(1) decreases glucose utilization, (2) decreases glycogen synthesis, (3) increases amino acid transport across cell membranes, (4) increases protein synthesis, (5) increases utilization of fatty acids, (6) increases lipolysis (fat breakdown), (7) increases availability of glucose and amino acids, (8) increases collagen synthesis, (10) stimulates cartilage growth, (11) increases retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, (12) increases renal plasma flow and filtration, (13) promotes compensatory renal hypertrophy, (14) enhances immune cell function

A

the main physiological roles of growth hormone

61
Q

how to stress the body to increase growth hormone levels in serum

A

(1) few reps (2) greater resistance (3) shorter rest periods

62
Q

70-amino acid polypeptide secreted by the liver:; mediates effects of growth hormone; once stimulated by growth hormone, it takes the liver 8-29 hours to synthesize IGFs;

A

insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)

63
Q

67 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the liver; mediates effects of growth hormone; once stimulated by growth hormone, it takes the liver 8-29 hours to synthesize IGFs

A

insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)

64
Q

this IGF has prolific role in protein anabolism

A

IGF-I

65
Q

portion of adrenal gland that is stimulated by the nervous system and provides the faster response

A

adrenal medulla

66
Q

portion of the adrenal gland that is stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland

A

adrenal cortex

67
Q

this glucocorticoid is a primary signal hormone for carbohydrate metabolism and is related to glycogen stores in the muscles. when glycogen concentrations are low, other substrates (proteins) must be catabolized to produce energy

A

cortisol

68
Q

(1) converts amino acids to carbohydrates; (2)increases level of protealytic enzymes (enzymes that breakdown proteins); (3) inhibiting protein synthesis. still being studied: Cortisol appears to have greater catabolic affects on Type II muscle fibers because they have greater protein content. Cortisol appears to help control the degradation of Type I muscle fibers

A

role of cortisol

69
Q

Cortisol is produced at its greatest levels when resistance exercise has________

A

short rest periods and high volume and uses large muscle groups

70
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are _________ . They help express acute strength and power (fight or flight)

A

catecholamines

71
Q

(1)increase force production via central mechanisms and increase metabolic enzyme activity; (2) increase muscle contraction rate; (3) increase blood pressure; (4) increase energy availability; (5) increase blood flow; (6) augment secretion rates of other hormones such as testosterone.

A

role of catecholamines

72
Q

varying training protocols allows the adrenal gland to engage in recovery processes and prevent secondary responses of cortisol

A

preventing overtraining

strength and conditioning (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions