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strength and conditioning > Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The starting position for all muscle actions:
The body is standing upright with arms at the sides and the palms of the hand facing forward (supplanted).
All muscle actions are given from this point

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2
Q

Arms “akimbo” Position

A

Normal standing position with arms by side and palms facing thighs; flex elbow; forearm moves in the frontal plane

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3
Q

Planes and Axes

A

All movements take place parallel to a plane.

All movements take place around an axis.

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4
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Any plane parallel to the median plane. Movements in the sagittal plane rotate around the frontal axis.

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5
Q

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A

Divides the body into superior (anterior) and inferior (posterior) sections. Movements in the transverse plane rotate around the vertical axis.

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6
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into front and back. Movements in the frontal plane rotate around the sagittal axis.

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7
Q

Median (Mid-sagittal) Plane

A

A sagittal plane passing through the body from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into two equal halves.

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8
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Towards the front of the body

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9
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

Toward the back of the body

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10
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the median plane than some other point

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11
Q

Lateral

A

away from the median plane relative to some other point

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12
Q

Superior (or cranial)

A

towards the head or closer to the head than some other point

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13
Q

Inferior (or caudal)

A

towards the tail, or farther from the head than some other point

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14
Q

Central

A

In the center of the body.

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15
Q

Peripheral

A

Towards the surface of the body

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16
Q

Distal

A

Distant form a point of reference

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17
Q

Proximal

A

Near to a point of reference

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18
Q

Cardio

A

refers to the heart

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19
Q

Cephalo

A

refers to the head

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20
Q

Chondro

A

refers to cartilage

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21
Q

Encephalon

A

refers to the brain

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22
Q

Gastro

A

refers to the stomach

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23
Q

Hepato

A

refers to the liver

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24
Q

Myo

A

refers to the muscle

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25
Q

Neuro

A

refers to nerves

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26
Q

Osseo

A

refers to bone

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27
Q

Pneumo

A

refers to lungs

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28
Q

Reno

A

refers to kidneys

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29
Q

Uro

A

refers to the urinary system

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30
Q

Vaso

A

refers to vessels

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31
Q

Antibrachial

A

forearm

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32
Q

Axilla

A

armpit

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33
Q

Brachial

A

shoulder to elbow

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34
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel

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35
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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36
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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37
Q

Cubital

A

Elbow

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38
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

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39
Q

Hallux

A

Great toe

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40
Q

Lumbar

A

Small of the back

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41
Q

Metacarpal

A

Hand

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42
Q

Metatarsal

A

Foot

43
Q

Nuchae

A

Back of the neck

44
Q

Pectoral

A

Anterior chest

45
Q

Peroneal

A

Area of the fibula

46
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

47
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

48
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of the knee

49
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

50
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

51
Q

Vaso

A

Vessels

52
Q

Volar

A

Palm of the hand.

53
Q

Condyle

A

A smooth, rounded prominence covered with articular cartilage

54
Q

Crest

A

A ridge

55
Q

Epicondyle

A

Above a condyle

56
Q

Facet

A

A small, smooth cartilage covered area

57
Q

Foramen

A

A hole through a bone

58
Q

Fossa

A

A depression or hollow

59
Q

Head

A

A smooth, rounded end of a bone

60
Q

Line

A

A long narrow ridge

61
Q

Neck

A

A constriction below the head of a bone

62
Q

Sinus

A

A mucous membrane lined cavity in a bone, filled with air

63
Q

Spine

A

A sharp projection

64
Q

Stylus

A

A pencil-point projection

65
Q

Tubercle, Tuberosity, Trochanter

A

An eminence or enlargement

66
Q

Long Bones

A

Are characterized by the fact that they are longer than they are wide and generally have tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Function: locomotion.

67
Q

Short Bones

A

Are shorter than long bones and have generally tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Short bones allow flexibility

68
Q

Flat bones

A

Are flat and relatively thin and have broad, flat surfaces. Function: protection

69
Q

Irregular bones

A

Almost any bone that is not a long bone, a short bone, or a flat bone. Ex: entire vertebral column, eight carpal bones, seven tarsal bones, patella

70
Q

Functions of bones

A
  1. Blood cells are made in the marrow of bones (in their centers) and released into the blood stream
  2. When a body doesn’t ingest enough calcium (as during pregnancy or in post menopausal women), the body uses stored calcium by taking it from the bones. This process has the effect of weakening the bones, which is why it is important to get enough calcium when the body’s needs are high.
  3. The skeleton provides a support for organs and gives shape to the body.
71
Q

Bony Markings

A

Markings on the bones. Characterized by ridges, depressions, holes, rough or smooth areas. These markings are usually the origin or insertion of muscles.

72
Q

Frontal Bone - Bony Markings

A

None

73
Q

Parietal bone - Bony Markings

A

None

74
Q

Temporal Bone - Bony Markings

A

Mastoid process

75
Q

Occipital Bone - Bony Markings

A
  1. Occipital protuberance
  2. Superior nuchal lines
  3. Inferior nuchal lines
  4. Medial nuchal line
76
Q

Facial bones - Bony Markings

A

None

77
Q

Sternum - Bony Markings

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body of sternum
  3. Xiphoid process
  4. Clavicular notch
78
Q

Clavicle - Bony Markings

A
  1. Sternal end

2. Accromial end

79
Q

Ribs (12 pairs) - Bony Markings

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Angle
  4. Shaft
  5. Costal cartilage
80
Q

Vertebra, Cervical - Bony Markings

A
  1. Body
  2. Superior articular process
  3. Inferior articular process
  4. Transverse process
  5. Transverse foramen
  6. Vertebral foramen
  7. Anterior tubercle
  8. Posterior tubercle
  9. Spiney process
81
Q

Vertebra, Thoracic - Bony Markings

A
  1. Body
  2. Superior articular process
  3. Transverse process
  4. Inferior articular process
  5. Vertebral foramen
  6. Spiney process
  7. Pedicle
  8. Superior demifacet
  9. Inferior demifacet
82
Q

Vertebra, Lumbar - Bony Markings

A
  1. Body
  2. Superior articular process
  3. Inferior articular process
  4. Transverse process
  5. vertebral foramen
  6. Spiney process
  7. Pedicle
83
Q

Sacrum - Bony Markings

A

None

84
Q

Coccyx - Bony Markings

A

None

85
Q

Scapula - Bony Markings

A
  1. Inferior angle
  2. Vertebral border
  3. Superior angle
  4. Superior border
  5. Scapula notch
  6. Coracoid process
  7. Glenoid fossa (cavity)
  8. Supraglenoid tubercle
  9. Infraglenoid tubercle
  10. Axillary border
  11. Spine
  12. Acromion process
  13. Supraspinatus fossa
  14. Infraspinatus fossa
  15. Subscapular fossa
86
Q

Humerus - Bony Markings

A
  1. Head
  2. Anatomical neck
  3. Greater tuberosity
  4. Lesser tuberosity
  5. Crest of the greater tuberosity
  6. Crest of the lesser tuberosity
  7. Surgical neck
  8. Deltoid tuberosity
  9. Lateral epicondyle
  10. Lateral supracondylar ridge
  11. Medial epicondyle
  12. Medial supracondylar ridge
  13. Trochlear
  14. Olecranon fossa
  15. Radial fossa
  16. Coronoid fossa
  17. Capitulum
87
Q

Radius - Bony Markings

A
  1. Head
  2. Radial tuberosity
  3. Styloid process
88
Q

Ulna - Bony Markings

A
  1. Olecranon process
  2. Radial notch
  3. Semilunal (trochlear) notch
  4. Coronoid process
  5. Ulna tuberosity
  6. Supinator crest
  7. Styloid process
89
Q

Femur - Bony Markings

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Intertrochanteric line
  4. Greater trochanter
  5. Intertrochanteric crest
  6. Intercondylar fossa
  7. Lesser trochanter
  8. Gluteal line
    9, Pectineal line
  9. Linea aspera
  10. Medial epicondylar ridge
  11. Lateral epicondylar ridge
  12. Adductor tubercle
  13. Medial epicondyle
  14. Lateral epicondyle
  15. Medial condyle
  16. Lateral condyle
90
Q

Tibia - Bony Markings

A
  1. Lateral condyle
  2. Medial condyle
  3. Intercondyle emminence
  4. Anterior tuberosity
  5. Popliteal surface
  6. Popliteal line
  7. Anterior crest
  8. Medial malleous
91
Q

Fibula - Bony Markings

A
  1. Head

2. Lateral malleous

92
Q

Arthrology

A

The branch of anatomy that deals with joints or articulation.

93
Q

Synarthrosis joints (juncturae fibrosae)

A

Immoveable joints. Sometimes the bones have fused together. Ex: innominate bone made up of ilium, ischium, & pubic bones. The joints between these bones are called sutures.

94
Q

Amphiarthosis joints (juncturae cartilagieae)

A

Joints with slight movement.
2 types:
1. Symphysis (cartilaginous) joints. ex: the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
2. Syndesmosis (ligamentous) joints. ex: coraco-acromial joint (a ligament joins the coracoid process with the acromion process)

95
Q

Diarthrosis joints (juncturae synoviales)

A

Free movement joints (sometimes called a true joint)

  • Articular surfaces of bones (ends of bones are covered with cartilage)
  • Articular disk. A disk or meniscus may be situated between dissimilar surfaces to facilitate free movement
  • Articular capsule. A ligamentus capsule surrounds the joint and contains synovial fluid
  • A synovial membrane lines the articular capsule containing the synovial fluid.
  • Ligaments which run from one bone to the other which bind and stabilize the joint.Six types of Diarthrosis joints
96
Q

6 types of diarthrosis joints:

A
  1. Gliding joint (arthrodia or orticulatatio plana) ex: carpal and tarsal bones
  2. Hinge joint (ginglymus) ex: interphalangeal joints, humerus and ulna, knee and ankle joints.
  3. Pivot joint (trochoid). ex: radioulnar joint (where the
  4. Ball and socket joint (sppheroidea or enarthrosis). ex: shoulder and hip
  5. Saddle joint (articulatio sellaris). opposing bones that come together are convex and concave. ex: thumb
  6. Condyloid joint (articulatio ellipsoidea). condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. ex: wrist joint with radius and scaphoid carpal.
97
Q

Body parts that flex, extend, and hyperextend

A
  1. Arm
  2. Head
  3. Toe
  4. Spine
  5. Finger
  6. Hip-leg
  7. Wrist
98
Q

Body parts that only flex and extend

A
  1. Elbow
  2. Knee
  3. Thumb
99
Q

Scapula actions

A
  1. Adduction
  2. Elevation
  3. Downward rotation
  4. Abduction
  5. Depression
  6. Upward rotation
100
Q

Body parts that adduct and abduct

A
  1. Arm
  2. Hip-leg
  3. Thumb
  4. Horizontal arm
  5. Finger
  6. Toe
101
Q

Body parts that rotate

A
  1. Spine (left and right)
  2. Head (left and right)
  3. Arm (internal and external)
  4. Hip-leg (internal and external)
102
Q

Body parts that laterally flex

A
  1. Head

2. Spine

103
Q

Miscellaneous body actions

A
  1. Forearm supination
  2. Ankle dorsiflexion
  3. Ankle eversion
  4. Wrist radial flexion
  5. Thumb-finger opposition
  6. Forearm pronation
  7. Ankle plantar flexion
  8. Ankle inversion
  9. Wrist ulnar flexion

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