Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise Flashcards
the mechanisms through which the muscles and skeleton work together to create movement
biomechanics
the skull (cranium), vertebral column (vertebrae C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum
axial skeleton
the shoulder (or pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle), bones of the arms, wrists, and hands (left and right humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), the pelvic girdle (left and right coxal or innominate bones), and the bones of the legs, ankles, and feet (left and right femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
appendicular skeleton
junctions of bones
joints
joints that allow no movement or virtually no movement
fibrous joints (sutures of the skull)
joints that allow limited movement
cartilaginous joints (ex vertebral disks)
joints that allow considerable movement as in sports and exercise movements
synovial joints (ex: elbows & knees)
the smooth covering on the articulating ends of bones
hyaline cartilage
the fluid/gel contained in the joint capsule
synovial fluid
joints which allow bones to rotate around 1 axis
uniaxial joint (ex: elbow, knee)
joints that allow moevement around 2 perpendicular axes
biaxial joint
joints that allow movement about all three axes
multiaxial joint
the series of vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur
vertebral column
vertebrae found in the neck
7 cervical vertebrae
vertebrae of the middle and upper back
12 thoracic vertebrae
vertebrae of the low back
5 lumbar vertebrae
vertebrae of the rear pelvis
5 sacral vertebrae (fused)
vertebrae that form vestigial internal tail
coccygeal vertebrae
the proximal attachment of a muscle (near the center of the body)
origin
the distal attachment of a muscle (away from the center of the body)
insertion
the pivot point of a lever
fulcrum
the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum
moment arm (or force arm, lever arm, or torque arm)
the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object around a fulcrum
torque (or moment)
force generated by biochemical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other
muscle force
force generated by a source external to the body (eg, gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force
resistive force
the ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts.
mechanical advantage
a lever for which the muscle force and the resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (triceps and elbow in a tricep extension)
first class lever
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts (calf muscle and calcanus in a calf raise)
second class lever
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. (biceps and elbow in a bicep curl)
third class lever
mass x acceleration
force
force x distance
work
work/time
power
torque x angular displacement
work
