hormones Flashcards
what are the two chemical classes of hormones
lipid soluble
water-soluble
what is lipid soluble in hormone terms
hydrophobic
steroids (testosterone, oestrogens) LIPIDS
thyroid hormones (T3, T4) AMINO ACIDS
nitric oxide
What is water soluble in hormone terms
hydrophilic
amines (amino acid derivatives)
peptides
proteins
eicosanoids
which soluble in hormones is hydrophobic
lipid soluble
which soluble is hydrophilic in hormones
water-soluble
what do prostaglandins & leukotrienes do?
acts locally as hormones in most tissues
found in some blood
released by virtually all cells (not RBC)
what is prostaglandins
smooth muscle
blood flow
promote fever
intensify pain
what is leukotrienes
stimulates WBC movement
mediate inflammation
name some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
aspirin
ibuprofen
how does Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
doesn’t affect leukotriene synthesis
can cross into cells lining the stomach
can cause bleeding
name some things that Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can treat
tennis elbow
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
which is faster nerve or hormone response
nerve
why do target cells must have a specific recetor
response determined by responding cell
different cells may respond differently to the same hormone
can cells respond to more than one hormone
yes
they can have more than one type of receptor
how many steps in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action?
6
name the first three steps in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action
Hormone detaches from carrier (usually a protein) in blood stream
Diffuses through interstitial fluid & cell membrane into cell
Binds to and activates receptor
name steps 4-6 in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action
Receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
If new mRNA -> protein synthesis
New proteins alter cell activity
how many steps in Water-Soluble Hormone Action
5
what are the first 2 steps in Water-Soluble Hormone Action
Diffuses from blood and binds to receptors in plasma membrane
Starts reaction inside cell forming second messenger
Cyclic AMP is a common one (enzyme
involved is adenylate cyclase)
what are steps 3-5 in Water-Soluble Hormone Action
Second messenger causes activation of several proteins (enzymes)
Activated proteins produce physiological responses
Second messenger is inactivated
what happens when control of hormone secretions happen
release occurs in short burst
controlled by negative feedback
what is hormone secretion regulated by
signals from nervous system
chemical changes in blood
other hormones
what are some endocrine disorders
acromegaly
pituitary dwarfism
pituitary giantism
diabetes
goitre
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
what is acromegaly
excessive growth hormone in adults
what is pituitary dwarfism
low levels of GH in children
what is pituitary giantism
excessive levels of GH in children
what is diabetes
insufficient insulin
type 1/2
what is goitre
insufficient iodine
excessive thyroxine
what is hyperthyroidism
graves disease
excessive thyroxine
goitre
what is hypothyroidism
myxoedema
insufficient thyroxine
what is some effects regarding aging of the endocrine system
decrease in function
loss of negative feedback sensitivity
PTH level rise
slower release of insulin
ovary response to gonadotrophins stop
slow decline in testosterone production
Loss of negative feedback sensitivity
what does this mean
decline in circulation thyroid hormones
what does PTH levels rising meaning?
loss of bone mass
