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human anatomy Sem 2 > hormones > Flashcards

hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two chemical classes of hormones

A

lipid soluble
water-soluble

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2
Q

what is lipid soluble in hormone terms

A

hydrophobic
steroids (testosterone, oestrogens) LIPIDS
thyroid hormones (T3, T4) AMINO ACIDS
nitric oxide

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3
Q

What is water soluble in hormone terms

A

hydrophilic
amines (amino acid derivatives)
peptides
proteins
eicosanoids

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4
Q

which soluble in hormones is hydrophobic

A

lipid soluble

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5
Q

which soluble is hydrophilic in hormones

A

water-soluble

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6
Q

what do prostaglandins & leukotrienes do?

A

acts locally as hormones in most tissues
found in some blood
released by virtually all cells (not RBC)

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7
Q

what is prostaglandins

A

smooth muscle
blood flow
promote fever
intensify pain

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8
Q

what is leukotrienes

A

stimulates WBC movement
mediate inflammation

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9
Q

name some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

aspirin
ibuprofen

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10
Q

how does Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
doesn’t affect leukotriene synthesis
can cross into cells lining the stomach
can cause bleeding

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11
Q

name some things that Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can treat

A

tennis elbow
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

which is faster nerve or hormone response

A

nerve

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13
Q

why do target cells must have a specific recetor

A

response determined by responding cell
different cells may respond differently to the same hormone

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14
Q

can cells respond to more than one hormone

A

yes
they can have more than one type of receptor

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15
Q

how many steps in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action?

A

6

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16
Q

name the first three steps in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action

A

Hormone detaches from carrier (usually a protein) in blood stream

Diffuses through interstitial fluid & cell membrane into cell

Binds to and activates receptor

17
Q

name steps 4-6 in Lipid Soluble Hormone Action

A

Receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression

If new mRNA -> protein synthesis

New proteins alter cell activity

18
Q

how many steps in Water-Soluble Hormone Action

A

5

19
Q

what are the first 2 steps in Water-Soluble Hormone Action

A

Diffuses from blood and binds to receptors in plasma membrane

Starts reaction inside cell forming second messenger
Cyclic AMP is a common one (enzyme
involved is adenylate cyclase)

20
Q

what are steps 3-5 in Water-Soluble Hormone Action

A

Second messenger causes activation of several proteins (enzymes)

Activated proteins produce physiological responses

Second messenger is inactivated

21
Q

what happens when control of hormone secretions happen

A

release occurs in short burst
controlled by negative feedback

22
Q

what is hormone secretion regulated by

A

signals from nervous system
chemical changes in blood
other hormones

23
Q

what are some endocrine disorders

A

acromegaly
pituitary dwarfism
pituitary giantism
diabetes
goitre
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

24
Q

what is acromegaly

A

excessive growth hormone in adults

25
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism

A

low levels of GH in children

26
Q

what is pituitary giantism

A

excessive levels of GH in children

27
Q

what is diabetes

A

insufficient insulin
type 1/2

28
Q

what is goitre

A

insufficient iodine
excessive thyroxine

29
Q

what is hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease
excessive thyroxine
goitre

30
Q

what is hypothyroidism

A

myxoedema
insufficient thyroxine

31
Q

what is some effects regarding aging of the endocrine system

A

decrease in function
loss of negative feedback sensitivity
PTH level rise
slower release of insulin
ovary response to gonadotrophins stop
slow decline in testosterone production

32
Q

Loss of negative feedback sensitivity
what does this mean

A

decline in circulation thyroid hormones

33
Q

what does PTH levels rising meaning?

A

loss of bone mass

human anatomy Sem 2 (18 decks)

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