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Biology Y10 > HOMEOSTASIS AND EXCERTION > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS AND EXCERTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Maintaining constant conditions in the body. maintaining a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

removal from the body of the waste products of the metapolism

A

excretion

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3
Q

Watery solution of salts, glucose and other solutes. surrounds all the cells of the body forming a pathway for the transfer of nutrients between the blood and the cells.

A

tissue fluid

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4
Q

Salts in urine or in the blood are present as ……….

A

ions
Na+, K+, Cl+ NH4+…..

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5
Q

How the tissue fluid is formed?

A

by leakage from blood capillaries.

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6
Q

Why is Homeostasis important?

A

because cells will only function properly if they are bathed in a tissue fluid which provides them with their optimum conditions.

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7
Q

sort the following urine substance from highest amount to lowest
urea
ammonia
other nitrogenous waste
sodium
potassium
phosphate

A

urea
sodium
phosphate
other nitrogenous waste
potassium
ammonia

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8
Q

True or false
all animals have to excrete a nitrogenous waste product

A

True

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9
Q

How urea is formed in the body?

A

Urea is produced in the liver
It is produced from excess amino acids
If more protein is eaten than is required, the excess cannot be stored in the body
However, the amino acids within the protein can still provide useful energy
amino acids in broken down into carbohydrate (stored in liver as glycogen), and ammonia. Ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to form urea. passes into the bloodsttream and filtered out by the kidney

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10
Q

Many excretory products are formed in humans, with two in particular (…………………and ……………) being formed in much greater quantities than others

A

Many excretory products are formed in humans, with two in particular (carbon dioxide and urea) being formed in much greater quantities than others

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11
Q

Urea is produced in the ………….

A

liver

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12
Q

Water content (of an individual cell or of the body fluids of an organism)

A

Temperature

pH

Blood pressure

Blood glucose concentration

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13
Q

Two examples of homeostasis in humans include the ………… and the control of ……………..

A

Two examples of homeostasis in humans include the control of body temperature and the control of body water content

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14
Q

Why the waste products are dangerous?

A
  1. waste products can have toxic effects if they are allowed to reach high concentrations
  2. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water easily to form an acidic solution which can lower the pH of cells. This can reduce the activity of enzymes in the body which are essential for controlling the rate of metabolic reactions
  3. tissue fluids can become more concentrated due to higher amounts of waste products, and cells will loose water by osmosis and become dehydrated.
  4. if the tissue fluid is too dilute the cells will swell up with water.
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15
Q

Organs of Excretion are………..

A

Kidneys

Skin

Lungs

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16
Q

•Metabolic waste is any waste that has been made from a ……………

A

•Metabolic waste is any waste that has been made from a chemical reaction e.g. carbon dioxide from respiration.

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17
Q

•Excretion occurs in all living things.
Can you think of an example in plants?

A

In photosynthesis plants release
oxygen

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18
Q

The kidneys remove …..from the blood.

The skin removes …………and …….. by sweating

The lungs remove ………… from the blood.

A

The kidneys remove urea from the blood.

The skin removes water and salt by sweating

The lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

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19
Q

label the following diagram

A
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20
Q

State the function of each

Renal Vein

Renal Artery

Bladder

Urethra

Ureter

Kidney

A

Renal Vein : removes cleaned blood from the kidney

Renal Artery: carries blood with high concentration of urea

Bladder: Stores urine

Urethra: removes urine from the body

Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder

Kidney: filters urea and other waste chemicals out of the blood

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21
Q

label the diagram

A
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22
Q

urea formula

A

CH₄N₂O

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23
Q

label the diagram

A
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24
Q

explain the processes of ultrafiltration

A

Small vessels in the glomerulus create a resistance to flow and this creates pressure. The pressure created causes smaller molecules to leave the blood. These smaller molecules include: Water, minerals, glucose and urea

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25
Q

•explain the processes of selective reabsorption

A
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26
Q

Describe how a healthy kidney produces urine.

A
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27
Q

Protein is not found in the urine of a healthy person.

Explain why.

A
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28
Q

Haemoglobin is not found in the urine of a healthy person, but haemoglobin can be
found in the urine of a person with haemolytic anaemia.

Explain why.

A
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29
Q

label the diagram

A
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30
Q

comes from the aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney

A

renal artery

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31
Q

delivers the deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava

A

renal vein

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32
Q

blood delivered from the kidney to the vena cava is

oxygenated

deoxygenated

A

deoxygenated

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33
Q

aorta delivers blood to the kidney

is the blood

oxygenated or deoxygenated ?

A

oxygenated

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34
Q

tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureter

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35
Q

main nutrogenous excretory product of mammals

A

urea

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36
Q

tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

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37
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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38
Q

two important functions of the kidneys

A
  • They regulate the water content of the blood
  • They excrete the toxic waste products of metabolism such as urea
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39
Q

nephrons are blood vessels

true / false

A

false

they are microscopic tubes

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40
Q

structure consisting of a hollow cup of cells at the start of a kidney tubule. the site of ultrafiltration

A

Bowman’s capsule

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41
Q

fluid that passes through the Bowman’s capsule at the start of a kidney tubule

A

glomerular filtrate

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42
Q

ball of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule at the start of a kidney tubule

A

glomerulus

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43
Q

filtration of the blood taking place in the Bowman’s capsule of kidney tubule, where the filter separates different-sized molecules under pressure

A

ultrafiltration

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44
Q

u-shaped part in the middle of a kidney tubule. Involved in concentrating the fluid in the tubule.

A

Loop of Henle

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45
Q

middle part of the kidney containing blood vessels, loops of Henle and collecting duct.

A

medulla of kidney

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46
Q

99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood

True/ False

A

True

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47
Q

outer part of the kidney containing kidney tubules and blood vessels

A

cortex of kidney

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48
Q

membrane in the wall of the Bowman’s capsule that acts as a molecular filter during ultrafiltration in the kidney

A

basement membrane

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49
Q

a process taking place in a kidney tubule whereby different amounts of substances are absorbed from the filtrate into the blood.

A

selective reabsoption

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50
Q

desert animals are able to conserve water in their bodies explain why.

A

desert animals have many long loops os Henle in the kidneys. Loops of Henle are responsible to make more concentrated urin by having more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.

and the longer the loops of Henle the more concentrated urin the animal will have preserving more water in the body.

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51
Q

funnel-like part of the kidney leading to the ureter

A

pelvis of kidney

52
Q

Nephrons start in the ….. of the kidney, loop down into the …..and back up to the …..

The contents of the nephrons drain into the ….. and the urine collects there before it flows into the …..to be carried to the …..for storage

A

Nephrons start in the cortex of the kidney, loop down into the medulla and back up to the cortex

The contents of the nephrons drain into the renal pelvis and the urine collects there before it flows into the ureter to be carried to the bladder for storage

53
Q

Where does the water get reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

Loop of Henle and the collecting duct

54
Q

Where do salts get reabsorbed?

A

loop of Henle

55
Q

Lungs excretory products

A

Co2 and H2o

56
Q

Urea is _____.

A

The product of the metabolism of amino acids

57
Q

Ultrafiltration is

A

The movement of small molecules (salt, water, urea) from the blood into the kidney under pressure

58
Q

Why kidney must absorb some of the molecules

A

For the process of respiration

59
Q

afferent arteriole

A

carries blood to the glomerulus

60
Q

efferent arteriole

A

carries blood away from the glomerulus

61
Q

Process of removing waste products when kidneys aren’t fully functioning

A

dialysis

62
Q

All filtered then all reabsorbed for respiration

A

Glucose

63
Q

Not filtered due to large complex molecules

A

Proteins

64
Q

All filtered and most in urine as toxic

A

Urea

65
Q

Area where ureter joins kidney

A

Pelvis

66
Q

. Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder by two thin tubes called:

Ureters

Tubulars

Capillaries

urethra

A

Ureters

67
Q

. Identify Letter A

Bowman’s Capsule

Afferent Arteriole

Efferent Arteriole

Glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

68
Q

Identify Letter D

A

Glomerulus

69
Q

identify letter J

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Duct

Peritubular Capillaries

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

collecting duct

70
Q

Identify Letter H

Ureter

Renal Capsule

Renal Coretx

Renal Medulla

A

Renal Medulla

71
Q

In a normal human, which substance should be 100% reabsorbed, meaning that it should not be present in the urine

answer choices

glucose

salt

water

urea

A

glucose

72
Q

To enter the Bowman’s capsule, fluid from the blood crosses (in the correct order)…

  • epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, basement membrane, capillary endothelium
  • capillary endothelium, epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, basement membrane
  • arteriole endothelium, basement membrane, epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
  • capillary endothelium, basement membrane, epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
A
73
Q

An object which’s permeability changes to water due the response from ADH

A

the collecting tube

74
Q

What are the left over substances after ultrafiltration

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and proteins are too large to leave and they remain in the blood

75
Q

What is the name given to the filtrate that is filtred out during ultrafiltration? And what percentage of the liquid is reabsorbed back into the blood?

A

The glomerular filtrate

99%

76
Q

What is left in the distal convoluted tubule after the glomerular filtrate has passed through the proximal tubule and the Loop of Henle?

  • Urea and slats in a concentrated solution
  • Glucose
  • water and salts
A

Urea and slats in a concentrated solution

77
Q

What is the name of the type of absorption featured after ultrafiltration? and why is it called this?

A

Selective re-absorbtion because only water, glucose and some ions are reabsorbed

78
Q

regulation of salt and water balance in the body

A

osmoregulation

79
Q

What hormone is used to alter the water levels in the body?

A

ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

80
Q

Describe the 3 stages of the process of osmoregulation?

A

Stage 1: Receptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in the concentration of water in the blood

Stage 2: If water levels decrease then ADH is released from the pituitary gland. However, if water levels increase then less ADH will be released.

Stage 3: ADH causes the collecting duct to become more permeable and therefore more water passes from the kidneys into the bloodstream.

Th reduction of ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb less water as the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water and therefore more water exits into the urine

81
Q

What 4 organs are involved in the urinary system?

A

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

82
Q

What 2 things happen to urea during it being excreted?

A

It is filtered out from the kidneys as it is toxic

Excreted as urine when mixed with water

83
Q

Where is urea made? What is urea made from?What is it an example of?

A

Made in the liver and is made out of broken down excess amino-acids. It’s an example of nitrogenous waste

84
Q

what is the difference between Excretion and Egestion

A

Excretion is he removal of metabolic waste product from the body.

Egestion is the removal of undigested solid waste (faeces) out of the anus

85
Q

What is the function of the kindney’s in the urinary system?

A

They act as an excretory and homeostatic organ which filters unwanted substances out of the blood

86
Q

Metabolic waste in animals:

CO2 and urea

CO₂, H₂O and urea

H2O and urea

A

CO₂, H₂O and urea

87
Q

Metabolic waste in plants:

A

CO₂ and O₂

88
Q

Where does urea come from?

A

Breaking down excess proteins

89
Q

Liver has a role in excretion

True / False

A

True

liver breaks amino acids down into 2 parts, one is urea.

90
Q

the volume of water reabsorbed depends on

A.The concentration of urine

B. the body’s water content

C. the temperature of the external environment

A

B. the body’s water content

91
Q

what is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

92
Q

What does the Proximal Convoluted Tubule in the Nephron do?

A.Selective reabsorbtion which reabsorbs some salts through diffusion, most water through osmosis and all glucose

B. Ultrafiltration which filters out small molecules from the blood

C. Hold back blood cells and large molecules such as proteins.

A

A. Facilitates Selective reabsorbtion which reabsorbs some salts through diffusion, most water through osmosis and all glucose

93
Q

Why blood cells and protein molecules are not filtered during ultrafiltration?

A

ultrafiltraiton happens in nephrones through 3 layers ( capillary wall , wall of the Bowman’s capsule and the basement membrane) these layers act as a filter and doesn’t allow large cells such as red blood cells to pass through, and only water, ions, and small molecules such as glucose and urea are allowed to pass through making a fluid called glomerular filtrate.

94
Q

basement membrane is made of cells

True /Flase

A

False

95
Q

Ball of capillaries found in Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerulus

96
Q

The process that controls osmoregulation. If the water content gets too high or too low, this process will bring the water content back to normal.

A

Negative feedback

97
Q

What type of blood vessels are found in the glomerulus?

A

capillaries

98
Q

Oryx and humans can control water loss by making their urine very concentrated. Describe how this is done.

A

If the water content of the blood is too low, ADH is released from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream, causing the kidney to reabsorb more water, and produce a more concentrated, smaller volume of urine.

If water content too high, ADH is not produced, so less water is reabsorbed by kidney, producing a more dilute, larger volume of urine

99
Q

Explain why the body does not excrete glucose and how this is achieved by the kidney.

A

glucose is needed for respiration and energy / ATP

this is achieved by a process called selective reabsorbtion which happens in the proximal convoluted tubule , it reabsorb glucose back into blood by active transport

100
Q

How Glucose and Sodium ions get reabsorbed in the tubule?

A.by Diffusion

B. by Active transport

C. by filtration

A

B. Active transport

101
Q

act as a fine molecular filter in the process of ultrafiltraiton

A

basement membrane

102
Q

What causes smaller molecules being carried in the blood to be forced out of the capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

small substances such as urea are forced out of the blood during filtration as a result of high-pressure mass flow, they don’t diffuse out of the blood.

103
Q

why blood in the glomerulus is at high pressure?

A
  1. blood is coming to the kidney directly from the renal artery which is connected to the aorta and it is at high pressure already.
  2. The capillaries get narrower as they get further into the glomerulus which increases the pressure on the blood moving through them
104
Q

what is the difference between the cells of the Bowman’s capsule , cells of glomerulus capillaries and the basement membrane?

A

Cells of the Bowman’s capsule and cells of glomerulus capillaries have gaps between them making them much more permeable. ( coarse filter)

basemenet membrane is not made of not cells and do not have gaps so they act as a fine molecular filter

105
Q

Explain the stages of cxcretion in the nephron

A

stage 1: Unfiltered blood enters the kidney via the renal artery branching into smaller arteries .

stage 2: Artery leads to supplying the capillaries of the glomerulus and as pressure is high all substances forced into Bowman’s capsule through the capillary walls allowing water , ions, glucose and urea to pass through (glomerular filtrate) , large molecules such as proteins and blood cells to remain in the blood (ultrafiltration)

stage 3: proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbe all glucose by active transport (selective reabsorption)

stage 4: loop of Henle reabsorbs salts by diffusion and water by osmosis

stage 5: in the collecting duct further reabsorbtion of water by osmoregulation and adh

stage 6: several nephrones join up to form a collecting ducts where urine passes out into the pelvis then to the ureter which leads to bladder where fluid is stored for excretion finally urine moves via urethra outisde the body

106
Q

Reabsorption of glucose is only found in only found in the proximal convoluted tubule and cannot take place anywhere else in the nephron

true / false

A

true

107
Q

External question

why do you thing one of the first tests a doctor may do to check if someone is diabetic is to test their urine for the presence of glucose?

A

because people with diabetes have glucose levels often very high, meaning that not all of the glucose filtered out can be reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal convoluted tubule therefore it continues in the filtrate and ends up in the urine :)

108
Q

samples were taken from the nephrone for analysis

what substances can you find in sample 3?

A. Protein , Glucose , sodium ions, urea

B. Protein , Glucose

C. sodium ions, urea

A

C. sodium ions, urea

109
Q

ultrafiltration is the process happnes in nephrones in which small substances such as urea, water and glucose are diffused out of the blood

True / False

A

False

substances are forced out the blood as a result of high-pressure mass flow, they don’t diffuse out of the blood.

110
Q

samples were taken from the nephrone for analysis

what substances can you find in sample 1?

A. Protein , Glucose , sodium ions, urea

B. Protein , Glucose

C. sodium ions, urea

A

A. Protein , Glucose , sodium ions, urea

111
Q

samples were taken from the nephrone for analysis

what substances can you find in sample 2?

A. Protein , Glucose , sodium ions, urea

B. Protein , Glucose

C. Glucose , sodium ions, urea

A

C. Glucose , sodium ions, urea

112
Q

what is the flow rate of sample 4 ? explain why?

100%

1%

50%

25%

A

1%

this is because 99% of the water has been reabsorbed.

113
Q

samples were taken from the nephrone for analysis

what substances can you find in sample 4?

A. Protein , Glucose , sodium ions, urea

B. Protein , Glucose

C. sodium ions, urea

A

C. sodium ions, urea

114
Q

samples were taken from the nephrone for analysis

comparing concentration of Na+ in both sample 1 and 4

A. Na+ in sample 1 is twice as concentrated as in smaple 4

B. Na+ in sample 4 is twice as concentrated as in smaple 1

C. Na+ is at the same concentration in both samples

A

B. Na+ in sample 4 is twice as concentrated as in smaple 1

115
Q

comparing sample 1 and sample 2

A. all substances are at the same concentration in both samples

B. Protein concentration is zero at sample 2 and other substances are at the same concentration in both samples .

C. Protein concentraiton and glucose concentration is zero at sample 2 and other substances are at the same concentration in both samples.

A

B. Protein concentration is zero at sample 2 and other substances are at the same concentration in both samples .

116
Q

The human kidney removes urea from the blood.
Name two other substances the kidney removes from the blood.

A

water

sodium ions

117
Q

in the end of the first coiled tubule the urea concentration is

three times than the concentraiton in capsule space is it

True / False?

explain why

A

True

because water was reabsorbed

118
Q

in sample 2 and 3 Na+ concentration is not chaged explain why

A

part of Na+ has been reabsorbed

119
Q

How is the glomerulus adapted to its function?

A

The renal artery is highly branched in the glomerulus forming a knot of a very small capillaries and this provides a larger surface area for blood to flow in the kidney for filtration.
the capillaries become narrower in the glomerulus this builds up higher pressure necessary for ultra-filtration.

120
Q

Explain why you are thirsty after exercise

A

excerecise causes loss of water in the sweat which changes the water potential of the blood . osmoreceptors are specialised cells that respond to changes in the water potential of the blood.

Stimulation of osmoreceptors can lead to secretion of the hormone ADH in the pituitary gland

  • Permeability of membrane / cells (to water) is increased;
  • More water absorbed from / leaves distal tubule / collecting duct;
  • Smaller volume of urine is excreted.
  • Urine becomes more concentrated.
  • Osmoreceptors which cause the release of ADH also send impulses to the thirst centre of the brain to encourage the individual to drink more water!
121
Q

write short description of action of ADH

and explain how this is an example of negaive feedback

A

If the water content of the blood is too low, ADH is released from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream, causing the kidney to reabsorb more water, and produce a more concentrated, smaller volume of urine.

If water content too high, ADH is not produced, so less water is reabsorbed by kidney, producing a more dilute, larger volume of urine.

122
Q

give example of homeostatsis

A

control of body temperature and the control of body water content

123
Q

how homeostasis is maintained

A

Negative feed-back loops

124
Q
A
125
Q

Explain how the kidney is adapted to its function

A

Adaptations for ultrafiltration
It has a permeable Bowman’s capsule that only allows substances such as water, glucose, urea and salt ions to pass through but prevents the passage of proteins and blood cells.

The renal artery is highly branched forming small capillaries in the glomerulus and this provides a larger surface area for blood to flow in the kidney for filtration.
the capillaries get narrowers in the glomerulus and this builds up higher pressure necessary for ultra-filtration.

Adaptations for reabsorption
Kidney tubules are long and coiled and this provides a larger surface area for reabsorption and more time is allowed for reabsorption of the useful substances. Also the first coiled tubule (proximal convoluted tubule) can allow reabsorption of glucose by active reabsorption and glucose is needed for the body respiration.
The loop of henle is U -shaped and this the efficient reabsorption of water and salts.

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Biology Y10 (11 decks)

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