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Biology Y10 > circularity system > Flashcards

circularity system Flashcards

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1
Q

The circularity system transports Urea from the ……….. to ………………

A

Liver , Kidneys

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2
Q

The blood is pumped from the hearts to the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body.

A

single circularity

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3
Q

The blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart and then to the rest of the body.

A

double circularity

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4
Q

Which blood vessels contain valves?

A

Only veins and venules have valves

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5
Q

The ratio of supply to demand can be written as

A

surface area/ volume

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6
Q

Examples of unicellular organisms

A

amoeba, paramecium ,Euglena

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7
Q

Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart and circulated through the lungs, then it becomes oxygenated . The oxygenated blood returns to the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation.

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8
Q

Carry blood away from the heart and towards other organs.

A

arteries

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9
Q

Carry blood towards the heart and away from other organs.

A

veins

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10
Q

Carry blood through organs , linking the arteries and veins

A

capillaries

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11
Q

Pulmonary means…

A

related to the lungs

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12
Q

Cardiac means…..

A

related to the heart

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13
Q

Controls the passage of blood from an atrium to a ventricle

A

The bicuspid and tricuspid valves

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14
Q

The transport medium in the circularity system

A

Blood

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15
Q

Septum

A

A wall separating two sides of the heart so to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

How the structure of the heart is adapted to its function?
mention 5 points.

A

1- It is divided into a left side and a right side by a wall of muscles called the septum.
2- Left ventricle wall is thicker than right ventricle, because the right ventricle pumps blood to lungs only while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the bod which required more pressure.
3- Valves ensures that blood can flow only in one direction through the heart.
4- the walls of the atria are thin, they can be stretched to receive blood as it returns to the heart but can contract with enough force to push blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles.
5- the walls of the heart are cardiac muscle, which can contract and then relax continuously without becoming fatigued.
6- the cardiac muscle has its own blood supply through coronary arteries which supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.

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17
Q

In the single circulation of a fish, as blood flows through capillaries it (decreases/ increases) in pressure

A

decreases

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18
Q

Which prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium as blood flows through the heart?

A

atrioventricular valves

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19
Q

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

Because the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to all other parts of the body, and this requires much more pressure.

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20
Q

waste materials (products of excretion) from cells are:

A

carbon dioxide, urea

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21
Q

Why is a double circulation better?

A

The heart pumps the blood twice, so higher pressure can be maintained. the blood travels more quickly to organs . in single circulation , the blood loses pressure as it passes through the gills, it then travels more slowly to the other organs.

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22
Q

What are the two jobs that the heart carries out during this double circulation?

A

1-pumps blood to the lungs
2-pumps blood to the body

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23
Q

Why is the journey
of blood through the circulatory system called a double circulation?

A

For every circuit of the body, blood passes through the heart twice

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24
Q

Advantages of the Double Circulatory System

A

1-blood to be pumped at low pressure to the lungs
2-blood to be pumped at high pressure to the body
3-oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to be kept separate

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25
Q

things that the blood carries

A

carbon dioxide
oxygen
nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
waste products (urea, CO2)
heat energy
hormones

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26
Q

Heart pumps:

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs
oxygenated blood to the body

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27
Q

stop the backflow of blood and
make sure it flows in the correct direction

A

Valves

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28
Q

What is circularity system?

A

It is the system to transport substances to and from the cells of the body.

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29
Q

Why do we need the circularity system?

A

The Circularity system transports oxygen from lungs to all other parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.
Nutrients from gut to all parts of the body.
Urea from the liver to the kidneys.

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30
Q

What causes your pulse?

A

a pressure wave as blood is pumped out from the left ventricle
it can be detected at a number of sites in your body

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31
Q

Why does heart rate/pulse increase with exercise?
Write a paragraph.

A

During exercise muscles contract more. This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases .

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32
Q

carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary arteries

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33
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fatty blockage of the coronary artery

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34
Q

Heart attack

A

heart muscle dies because of lack of oxygen and glucose

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35
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by narrowed coronary arteries

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36
Q

atheroma

A

fatty material builds up in artery walls

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37
Q

cholesterol

A

lipid substance present in the blood and linked to coronary heart disease. it makes up part of an atheroma .

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38
Q

describe events of heart attack

A

cholesterol starts to build up in the coronary artery
atheroma forms
blood flow to heart is restricted causing angina
a blood clot completely blocks the coronary artery
heart muscle can’t get oxygen or glucose for respiration
heart muscle can’t contract
person suffers a heart attack

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39
Q

The wall of the atria are thin? Explain why

A

So they can be stretched to receive blood as it returns to the heart and can contract with enough force to push blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles to go to the rest of the body.

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40
Q

The walls of the heart are cardiac muscle… Explain why

A

It can contract and then relax continuously without becoming fatigued.

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41
Q

Coronary circulation

A

the cardiac muscle has its own blood supply through coronary arteries to capillaries that supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. blood returned to the right atrium via coronary veins.

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42
Q

Number of heart beats per minute

A

heart rate

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43
Q

Volume of blood pumped with each heart beat

A

stroke volume

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44
Q

medulla

A

a part of the brain that controls the heart rate.

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45
Q

Why does heart rate/pulse increase when we are angry or afraid?
Write a paragraph.

A

when we are angry or afraid muscles contract more allowing us to fight or run away ( fight or flight) This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases . this is triggered by hormone adrenaline.

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46
Q

Why does heart rate/pulse decrease when we are sleeping ?
Write a paragraph.

A

When we are sleeping as all our organs are working more slowly . They need to release less energy and so need less oxygen, so less blood volume is pumped.

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47
Q

what is fight or flight response?

A

When we are angry or afraid muscles contract more allowing us to fight or run away .This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases . this is triggered by hormone adrenaline.
blood supplying stomach and intestines is diverted to the muscles instead ( hollow feeling) to allow the fight or flight response.

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48
Q

factors make coronary heart disease more likely.

A

heredity
high blood pressure .
lack of exercise
smoking
diet
stress

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49
Q

Explain how smoking can make coronary heart disease more likely?

A

raises blood pressure and makes blood clots more likely to form.

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50
Q

How can exercise prevent from coronary heart disease?

A

regular exercise helps to reduce blood pressure and strengthens the heart.

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51
Q

give an example of reflex actions with explanation.
write a paragraph

A

1-when we exercise our muscles produce more carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration.
2-Receptors in the aorta and carotid artery that is leading to the head detect this increase.
3-They send electrical signals called nerve impulses through sensory nerve to the medulla.
4-The medulla responds by sending nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve. the accelerator nerve increases the heart rate, so increases blood pressure.
5-when carbon dioxide returns to normal, the medulla receives fewer impulses. It responds by sending nerve impulses along the decelerator nerve.
the decelerator decreases the heart rate, then blood pressure returns to normal.

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52
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle.
write a paragraph

A

1- Blood enters the atria. it cannot yet pass into the ventricles because the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves are closed.
2-the walls of atria contract this raises the pressure of blood in the atria which forces open the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. blood passes through these valves into the ventricles.
3-when the ventricles are full, they contract , this increases the pressure of blood in the ventricles which closes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves again . blood cannot return to the atria.
4-the ventricles continue to contract and the pressure forces pen semi-lunar valves at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. blood is ejected into theses two arteries. the pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs. the aorta has branches that carry blood to all other parts of the body.
5-As the ventricles empty, higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the valves in theses blood vessels. the cycle then begins again as the atria start to fill with blood.

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53
Q

Carry blood from the heart to the organs of the body.

A

arteries

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54
Q

Carry blood from organs back towards the heart.

A

Veins

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55
Q

Veins have semilunar valves. explain why

A

to prevent the backflow of blood

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56
Q

Carry blood through organs bringing blood close to every cell in the organ

A

capillaries

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57
Q

Name the three types of blood vessel.

A

artery, vein, capillary

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58
Q

Which vein is the exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary vein

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59
Q

Which artery is the exception to the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary artery

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60
Q

Why do veins contain valves? Why don’t arteries need them?

A

Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood, which happens because the blood is travelling at low pressure.
while the blood in arteries is travelling at high pressure and there is no backflow of blood. so doesn’t need valves.

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61
Q

Why do capillaries have very thin walls (one cell thick)?

A

to provide a short distance for diffusion of materials into and out of the blood.

62
Q

describe how the structure of the arteries is adapted to its function.

A

Function: Carry blood at high pressure away from heart

Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres to withstand high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through

Have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure

63
Q

describe how the structure of the veins is adapted to its function.

A

Function: Return low pressure blood to the heart

Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low

Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure

64
Q

describe how the structure of capillaries is adapted to its function

A

Function: Allow exchange of substances with tissue cells
Wall thickness: One cell thick only to provide a short distance for diffusion of materials into and out of the blood
Lumen diameter: Very narrow .the red blood cell just fit in the capillaries tiny diameter so it’s close to the capillary wall providing a short distance for oxygen to diffuse.

65
Q

The capillaries diameter is very narrow. explain why.

A

The red blood cell just fit in the capillaries tiny diameter so it’s close to the capillary wall providing a short distance for oxygen to diffuse.

66
Q

what are Arterioles?

A

Arterioles:
branch off from the arteries
thinner, less muscular walls (compared to arteries)
feed blood into the capillaries
narrower than arteries, but wider than capillaries
Function: regulate blood flow through capillaries

67
Q

Which is the feature of a red blood cell that gives it the ability to transport oxygen?

A

hemoglobin molecules filling the cytoplasm

68
Q

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which contains many substances in solution. What substances are dissolved in the plasma?

A

hormones, carbon dioxide and urea

69
Q

What does plasma do?

A

transports

a) oxygen from lungs to tissues
b) carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
c) absorbed food molecules from the ileum to the tissues (via the liver) e.g. glucose, amino acids
d) waste (urea) from liver to kidneys
e) hormones
f) heat

70
Q

fight against infection by engulfing and digesting pathogens.

A

Phagocytes

71
Q

produce antibodies which bind onto pathogens and stop them causing disease.

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

A red blood cell has several features that help it do its job, list the features with explanation.

A

It contains hemoglobin, a special pigment that combines with oxygen.
It has no nucleus, so there is more space for hemoglobin and so more oxygen.
Disc-shaped, with
a dent on each side, creates a large surface area for gas exchange
A large surface area compared to volume, so oxygen is always close to the surface.

73
Q

Advantages of a Double Circulation

A

Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungs loses a lot of pressure that was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning it cannot travel as fast
By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs its pressure can be raised again before sending it to the body, meaning cells can be supplied with the oxygen and glucose they need for respiration faster and more frequently

74
Q

Structure of the heart

Label the following heart diagram

A
75
Q

label the following diagram

A
76
Q

Separate the atria from the ventricles

A

The atrioventricular valves

77
Q

The valve in the right side of the heart is called the ——————— and the valve in the left side is called the ————————–

A

The valve in the right side of the heart is called the TRICUSPID and the valve in the left side is called the BICUSPID

78
Q

Valves are pushed open when the atria —————– but when the ———————- contract they are pushed —————– to prevent blood flowing back into the ——————-

A

Valves are pushed open when the atria contract** but when the **ventricles** contract they are pushed **shut** to prevent blood flowing back into the **atria

79
Q

Pathway of Blood through the Heart

—————— coming from the body flows into the—————— via the ————————-

Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the ———————— into the ——————–

The walls of the ventricle—————and the blood is pushed into the ——————- through the ———————— which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart

The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure)

—————— returns to the —————- via the ———

It passes through the ——————-into the —————

The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into the ————- and all the way around the body

The ————————— in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart.

vena cava/ Deoxygenated blood / left atrium

bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve / left ventricle

aorta /pulmonary artery/ tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve / right atrium / right ventricle/ contract /semilunar valve / semilunar valve /

Oxygen-rich blood / pulmonary vein

A

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the vena cava

Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the right ventricle

The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery through the semilunar valve which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart

The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure)

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the left ventricle

The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into the aorta and all the way around the body

The semilunar valve in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart

80
Q

Where exchange of substances takes place

A

capillaries

81
Q

The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called

A

arterioles

82
Q

The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called

A

venules

83
Q

write down the names of the structures labelled in the following diagram

A
84
Q

fill the table

A
85
Q

label the diagram

A
86
Q

Two main types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

87
Q

Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

A

Phagocytes

88
Q

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells

A

Lymphocytes

89
Q

Function of Plasma

A

Plasma is important for the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

90
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration.

They carry the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin

91
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis process ( phagocytes) and antibodies production (lymphocytes)

92
Q

Function of Platelets

A

Platelets are involved in helping the blood to clot

93
Q

The process by which white blood cells engulf and digest microorganisms such as bacteria

A

phagocytosis

94
Q

antibodies stick to the surface of antigens and destroy the pathogen in a number of ways. write examples

A

1- causing bacteria to stick together so that phahocytes can ingest them easily.

2- acting as a label on the pathogen so that it is more easily recongnised by phagocyte.

3- causing bacterial cells burst open.

4- neutralising poisons produced by pathogens.

95
Q

The production of antibodies following the first exposure to a foreign antigen

A

primary immune response

96
Q

Two main ways the white blood cells defend the body against microorganisms

A

phagocytosis and production of antibodies

97
Q

The structure of platelets

A

fragments of cells made in the bone marrow

98
Q

Function of platelets

A

release chemicals to make blood clots when we cut ourselves

99
Q

liquid part of blood , mainly water

A

plasma

100
Q

biconcave- disc-like cells with no nucleus

A

red blood cells

101
Q

Erythrocyte

A

red blood cells

102
Q

Immune response

A

the body recognises and deals with an exposure to a pathogenic microorganism. involves the production of memory cells that respond to a subsequent infection by dividing to give many antibody-producing cells.

103
Q

cell formed from lymphocytes during immune response. remain in blood for many years.

A

memory cells

104
Q

Examples of a vaccine using a weakened strain of the actual microorganism

A

vaccines against polio tuberculosis (TB) and measles

105
Q

examples of modified toxins of the bacteria vaccine

A

tetanus , diphtheria vaccines

106
Q

Example of a vaccine using just the antigens themselves

A

Influenza Vaccine

107
Q

Example of a vaccine using harmless genetically engineered bacteria to carry the antigen of a different microorganism

A

Vaccine against hepatitis B

108
Q

Describe how the forming of blood clot happens.

A

When the skin is broken platelets arrive to stop the bleeding. Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot

The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering.

109
Q

Describe how the vaccine works

A

a person is injected with an agent that carries the same antigens as a specific pathogen.

Lymphocytes recognise the antigens and they produce memory cells and make the person immune to the disease.

if the pearson comes into contact with the real pathogen , the person will experience a secondary immune response.

110
Q

How the second immune response differ from the primary immune response?

A

In the second immune response the production of antibodies happens sooner, faster and in a greater quantity enough to prevent the pathogen reproducing in the body and causing the disease.

111
Q

after a period of exceercise which blood vessel will contain the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?

A

vena cava

112
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, to which of the following structures does the blood flow next?

A

Pulmonary artery

113
Q

The diagram shows sections through three blood vessels , What is the correct names of vessels X, Y and Z?

A

artery / capillary / vein

114
Q

Which component of the blood makes antibodies?

A

White blood cells

115
Q

Give two differences between the blood vessels at point X and point Y

A

X is artery carry oxiginated blood from the heart to the organs of the body

has a thick muscular elastic wall , small lumen

Y is vein carry deoxiginated blood from organs back towards the heart

has a thin muscular elastic wall , large lumen

116
Q

Where does the adrenaline get released?

A

adrenal gland

117
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells

Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes to digest it

118
Q

Draw and label a phagocyte.

A
119
Q

State 2 differences between the structure of the phagocytes and red blood cells

A

Red blood cells : biconcave discs containing no nucleus/ plenty of haemoglobin

phagocytes : Large cells containing a “lobed” nucleus / no haemoglobin

120
Q

Label the blood cells

A
121
Q

Describe how lymphocytes are involved in the immune response.

illustrate ( draw a diagram)

A

The function of the lymphocytes is to make antibodies which pass into the plasma , pathogens such as bacteria and viruses have chemical ‘maker’ on their surfaces (antigens) which the antibodies recognise. The antibodies stick to the surface antigens and destroy the pathogen .

122
Q

Blood consists of

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

123
Q

Draw and describe the lymphocyte

A

It has a large round nucleus which takes up nearly the whole cell and has a clear, non-granular cytoplasm

124
Q

soluble proteins made by lymphocytes that pass into the plasma

A

Antibodies

125
Q

illustrate the phagocytosis process

A
126
Q

Unicellular organisms do not have a circulatory systems

They obtain oxygen by ……………………………….

A

diffusion through the surface membrane of the cell.

127
Q

The area of the cell’s surface determines …………………. – the supply rate.

The volume of the cell determines………………………… – the demand rate

A

The area of the cell’s surface determines how much oxygen the organism can get – the supply rate.

The volume of the cell determines how much oxygen the organism uses – the demand rate

128
Q

The ‘surface area to volume ratio’ is( high/low )in single-celled organisms

A

The ‘surface area to volume ratio’ is high in single-celled organisms

129
Q

What do larger animals have to make sure they get all the oxygen they need?

A

They have gas exchange organs and circulatory systems.

For example – lungs in mammals and gills of fish

130
Q

Label the following diagram of the fish single circularity system

A
131
Q

Advantages of double circularity system

A

Advantages

A) Low pressure pumped to the lungs– doesn’t damage lungs

B) High pressure pumped to the rest of the body – ensures blood (carrying oxygen and nutrients) reaches organs quickly

C) Efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide.

132
Q

State the full names of the heart’s chambers

A

Right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

133
Q

A blood clot that can cause complete blockage of coronary arteries

A

Thrombosis

134
Q

What CHD

A

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease begins when the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty material within their walls.

135
Q

How long is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

4 months

136
Q

How many litres of blood are contained in the human body?

A

5

137
Q

What % of your body weight that is made up by your blood?

A

8%

138
Q

How many times does your heart beat in 1 day?

A

100,000

139
Q

The process of artificially supplying antigens to a person, e.g. as an injection.

A

Vaccination

140
Q

…………………… is a soluble protein that is transported in the plasma, this chemical change into insoluble fibers of another protein to form a blood clot

A

Fibrinogen

141
Q

State which graph represents the primary immune response

and the secondary immune response

A

A = primary immune response

B= secondary immune response

142
Q

atria

A

two upper chambers of the heart where blood enters the heart from the vena cava (right atrium) and pulmonary vein (left atrium)

143
Q

A blood vessel with a thick muscular wall and a narrow lumen carrying blood away from the heart.

A

artery

144
Q

chemical ‘maker’ on the surface of a cell that identifies the ell as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’

A

antigen

145
Q

valve in the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

146
Q

region in the medulla of the brain that controls heart rate

A

cardiac centre

147
Q

sequence of events taking place in the heart during one heartbeat.

A

cardiac cycle

148
Q

specialised muscle making up the heart wall, able to contract rhythmically without fatiguing

A

cardiac muscle

149
Q
A
150
Q

blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney

A

Renal artery

151
Q

blood vessel that takes blood away from a kidney

A

Renal vein

152
Q
A

Biology Y10 (11 decks)

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