circularity system Flashcards
The circularity system transports Urea from the ……….. to ………………
Liver , Kidneys
The blood is pumped from the hearts to the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body.
single circularity
The blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart and then to the rest of the body.
double circularity
Which blood vessels contain valves?
Only veins and venules have valves
The ratio of supply to demand can be written as
surface area/ volume
Examples of unicellular organisms
amoeba, paramecium ,Euglena
Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart and circulated through the lungs, then it becomes oxygenated . The oxygenated blood returns to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation.
Carry blood away from the heart and towards other organs.
arteries
Carry blood towards the heart and away from other organs.
veins
Carry blood through organs , linking the arteries and veins
capillaries
Pulmonary means…
related to the lungs
Cardiac means…..
related to the heart
Controls the passage of blood from an atrium to a ventricle
The bicuspid and tricuspid valves
The transport medium in the circularity system
Blood
Septum
A wall separating two sides of the heart so to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
How the structure of the heart is adapted to its function?
mention 5 points.
1- It is divided into a left side and a right side by a wall of muscles called the septum.
2- Left ventricle wall is thicker than right ventricle, because the right ventricle pumps blood to lungs only while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the bod which required more pressure.
3- Valves ensures that blood can flow only in one direction through the heart.
4- the walls of the atria are thin, they can be stretched to receive blood as it returns to the heart but can contract with enough force to push blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles.
5- the walls of the heart are cardiac muscle, which can contract and then relax continuously without becoming fatigued.
6- the cardiac muscle has its own blood supply through coronary arteries which supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
In the single circulation of a fish, as blood flows through capillaries it (decreases/ increases) in pressure
decreases
Which prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium as blood flows through the heart?
atrioventricular valves
Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle?
Because the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to all other parts of the body, and this requires much more pressure.
waste materials (products of excretion) from cells are:
carbon dioxide, urea
Why is a double circulation better?
The heart pumps the blood twice, so higher pressure can be maintained. the blood travels more quickly to organs . in single circulation , the blood loses pressure as it passes through the gills, it then travels more slowly to the other organs.
What are the two jobs that the heart carries out during this double circulation?
1-pumps blood to the lungs
2-pumps blood to the body
Why is the journey
of blood through the circulatory system called a double circulation?
For every circuit of the body, blood passes through the heart twice
Advantages of the Double Circulatory System
1-blood to be pumped at low pressure to the lungs
2-blood to be pumped at high pressure to the body
3-oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to be kept separate
things that the blood carries
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
waste products (urea, CO2)
heat energy
hormones
Heart pumps:
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
oxygenated blood to the body
stop the backflow of blood and
make sure it flows in the correct direction
Valves
What is circularity system?
It is the system to transport substances to and from the cells of the body.
Why do we need the circularity system?
The Circularity system transports oxygen from lungs to all other parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.
Nutrients from gut to all parts of the body.
Urea from the liver to the kidneys.
What causes your pulse?
a pressure wave as blood is pumped out from the left ventricle
it can be detected at a number of sites in your body
Why does heart rate/pulse increase with exercise?
Write a paragraph.
During exercise muscles contract more. This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases .
carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Coronary arteries
atherosclerosis
fatty blockage of the coronary artery
Heart attack
heart muscle dies because of lack of oxygen and glucose
angina
chest pain caused by narrowed coronary arteries
atheroma
fatty material builds up in artery walls
cholesterol
lipid substance present in the blood and linked to coronary heart disease. it makes up part of an atheroma .
describe events of heart attack
cholesterol starts to build up in the coronary artery
atheroma forms
blood flow to heart is restricted causing angina
a blood clot completely blocks the coronary artery
heart muscle can’t get oxygen or glucose for respiration
heart muscle can’t contract
person suffers a heart attack
The wall of the atria are thin? Explain why
So they can be stretched to receive blood as it returns to the heart and can contract with enough force to push blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles to go to the rest of the body.
The walls of the heart are cardiac muscle… Explain why
It can contract and then relax continuously without becoming fatigued.
Coronary circulation
the cardiac muscle has its own blood supply through coronary arteries to capillaries that supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. blood returned to the right atrium via coronary veins.
Number of heart beats per minute
heart rate
Volume of blood pumped with each heart beat
stroke volume
medulla
a part of the brain that controls the heart rate.
Why does heart rate/pulse increase when we are angry or afraid?
Write a paragraph.
when we are angry or afraid muscles contract more allowing us to fight or run away ( fight or flight) This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases . this is triggered by hormone adrenaline.
Why does heart rate/pulse decrease when we are sleeping ?
Write a paragraph.
When we are sleeping as all our organs are working more slowly . They need to release less energy and so need less oxygen, so less blood volume is pumped.
what is fight or flight response?
When we are angry or afraid muscles contract more allowing us to fight or run away .This requires energy. Energy comes from aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, to deliver the extra oxygen both the number of heart beats per minute (heart rate) and the volume of blood pumped with each beat increases . this is triggered by hormone adrenaline.
blood supplying stomach and intestines is diverted to the muscles instead ( hollow feeling) to allow the fight or flight response.
factors make coronary heart disease more likely.
heredity
high blood pressure .
lack of exercise
smoking
diet
stress
Explain how smoking can make coronary heart disease more likely?
raises blood pressure and makes blood clots more likely to form.
How can exercise prevent from coronary heart disease?
regular exercise helps to reduce blood pressure and strengthens the heart.
give an example of reflex actions with explanation.
write a paragraph
1-when we exercise our muscles produce more carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration.
2-Receptors in the aorta and carotid artery that is leading to the head detect this increase.
3-They send electrical signals called nerve impulses through sensory nerve to the medulla.
4-The medulla responds by sending nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve. the accelerator nerve increases the heart rate, so increases blood pressure.
5-when carbon dioxide returns to normal, the medulla receives fewer impulses. It responds by sending nerve impulses along the decelerator nerve.
the decelerator decreases the heart rate, then blood pressure returns to normal.
Explain the cardiac cycle.
write a paragraph
1- Blood enters the atria. it cannot yet pass into the ventricles because the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves are closed.
2-the walls of atria contract this raises the pressure of blood in the atria which forces open the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. blood passes through these valves into the ventricles.
3-when the ventricles are full, they contract , this increases the pressure of blood in the ventricles which closes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves again . blood cannot return to the atria.
4-the ventricles continue to contract and the pressure forces pen semi-lunar valves at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. blood is ejected into theses two arteries. the pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs. the aorta has branches that carry blood to all other parts of the body.
5-As the ventricles empty, higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the valves in theses blood vessels. the cycle then begins again as the atria start to fill with blood.
Carry blood from the heart to the organs of the body.
arteries
Carry blood from organs back towards the heart.
Veins
Veins have semilunar valves. explain why
to prevent the backflow of blood
Carry blood through organs bringing blood close to every cell in the organ
capillaries
Name the three types of blood vessel.
artery, vein, capillary
Which vein is the exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
Which artery is the exception to the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary artery
Why do veins contain valves? Why don’t arteries need them?
Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood, which happens because the blood is travelling at low pressure.
while the blood in arteries is travelling at high pressure and there is no backflow of blood. so doesn’t need valves.
Why do capillaries have very thin walls (one cell thick)?
to provide a short distance for diffusion of materials into and out of the blood.
describe how the structure of the arteries is adapted to its function.
Function: Carry blood at high pressure away from heart
Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres to withstand high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through
Have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
describe how the structure of the veins is adapted to its function.
Function: Return low pressure blood to the heart
Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low
Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure
describe how the structure of capillaries is adapted to its function
Function: Allow exchange of substances with tissue cells
Wall thickness: One cell thick only to provide a short distance for diffusion of materials into and out of the blood
Lumen diameter: Very narrow .the red blood cell just fit in the capillaries tiny diameter so it’s close to the capillary wall providing a short distance for oxygen to diffuse.
The capillaries diameter is very narrow. explain why.
The red blood cell just fit in the capillaries tiny diameter so it’s close to the capillary wall providing a short distance for oxygen to diffuse.
what are Arterioles?
Arterioles:
branch off from the arteries
thinner, less muscular walls (compared to arteries)
feed blood into the capillaries
narrower than arteries, but wider than capillaries
Function: regulate blood flow through capillaries
Which is the feature of a red blood cell that gives it the ability to transport oxygen?
hemoglobin molecules filling the cytoplasm
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which contains many substances in solution. What substances are dissolved in the plasma?
hormones, carbon dioxide and urea
What does plasma do?
transports
a) oxygen from lungs to tissues
b) carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
c) absorbed food molecules from the ileum to the tissues (via the liver) e.g. glucose, amino acids
d) waste (urea) from liver to kidneys
e) hormones
f) heat
fight against infection by engulfing and digesting pathogens.
Phagocytes
produce antibodies which bind onto pathogens and stop them causing disease.
Lymphocytes
A red blood cell has several features that help it do its job, list the features with explanation.
It contains hemoglobin, a special pigment that combines with oxygen.
It has no nucleus, so there is more space for hemoglobin and so more oxygen.
Disc-shaped, with
a dent on each side, creates a large surface area for gas exchange
A large surface area compared to volume, so oxygen is always close to the surface.
Advantages of a Double Circulation
Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungs loses a lot of pressure that was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning it cannot travel as fast
By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs its pressure can be raised again before sending it to the body, meaning cells can be supplied with the oxygen and glucose they need for respiration faster and more frequently
Structure of the heart
Label the following heart diagram
label the following diagram
Separate the atria from the ventricles
The atrioventricular valves
The valve in the right side of the heart is called the ——————— and the valve in the left side is called the ————————–
The valve in the right side of the heart is called the TRICUSPID and the valve in the left side is called the BICUSPID
Valves are pushed open when the atria —————– but when the ———————- contract they are pushed —————– to prevent blood flowing back into the ——————-
Valves are pushed open when the atria contract** but when the **ventricles** contract they are pushed **shut** to prevent blood flowing back into the **atria
Pathway of Blood through the Heart
—————— coming from the body flows into the—————— via the ————————-
Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the ———————— into the ——————–
The walls of the ventricle—————and the blood is pushed into the ——————- through the ———————— which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart
The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure)
—————— returns to the —————- via the ———
It passes through the ——————-into the —————
The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into the ————- and all the way around the body
The ————————— in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart.
vena cava/ Deoxygenated blood / left atrium
bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve / left ventricle
aorta /pulmonary artery/ tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve / right atrium / right ventricle/ contract /semilunar valve / semilunar valve /
Oxygen-rich blood / pulmonary vein
Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the vena cava
Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the right ventricle
The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery through the semilunar valve which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart
The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure)
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the left ventricle
The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into the aorta and all the way around the body
The semilunar valve in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart
Where exchange of substances takes place
capillaries
The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called
arterioles
The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called
venules
write down the names of the structures labelled in the following diagram
fill the table
label the diagram
Two main types of white blood cells
phagocytes and lymphocytes
Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens
Phagocytes
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells
Lymphocytes
Function of Plasma
Plasma is important for the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy
Function of red blood cells
Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration.
They carry the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin
Function of white blood cells
White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis process ( phagocytes) and antibodies production (lymphocytes)
Function of Platelets
Platelets are involved in helping the blood to clot
The process by which white blood cells engulf and digest microorganisms such as bacteria
phagocytosis
antibodies stick to the surface of antigens and destroy the pathogen in a number of ways. write examples
1- causing bacteria to stick together so that phahocytes can ingest them easily.
2- acting as a label on the pathogen so that it is more easily recongnised by phagocyte.
3- causing bacterial cells burst open.
4- neutralising poisons produced by pathogens.
The production of antibodies following the first exposure to a foreign antigen
primary immune response
Two main ways the white blood cells defend the body against microorganisms
phagocytosis and production of antibodies
The structure of platelets
fragments of cells made in the bone marrow
Function of platelets
release chemicals to make blood clots when we cut ourselves
liquid part of blood , mainly water
plasma
biconcave- disc-like cells with no nucleus
red blood cells
Erythrocyte
red blood cells
Immune response
the body recognises and deals with an exposure to a pathogenic microorganism. involves the production of memory cells that respond to a subsequent infection by dividing to give many antibody-producing cells.
cell formed from lymphocytes during immune response. remain in blood for many years.
memory cells
Examples of a vaccine using a weakened strain of the actual microorganism
vaccines against polio tuberculosis (TB) and measles
examples of modified toxins of the bacteria vaccine
tetanus , diphtheria vaccines
Example of a vaccine using just the antigens themselves
Influenza Vaccine
Example of a vaccine using harmless genetically engineered bacteria to carry the antigen of a different microorganism
Vaccine against hepatitis B
Describe how the forming of blood clot happens.
When the skin is broken platelets arrive to stop the bleeding. Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot
The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering.
Describe how the vaccine works
a person is injected with an agent that carries the same antigens as a specific pathogen.
Lymphocytes recognise the antigens and they produce memory cells and make the person immune to the disease.
if the pearson comes into contact with the real pathogen , the person will experience a secondary immune response.
How the second immune response differ from the primary immune response?
In the second immune response the production of antibodies happens sooner, faster and in a greater quantity enough to prevent the pathogen reproducing in the body and causing the disease.
after a period of exceercise which blood vessel will contain the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
vena cava
When the right ventricle contracts, to which of the following structures does the blood flow next?
Pulmonary artery
The diagram shows sections through three blood vessels , What is the correct names of vessels X, Y and Z?
artery / capillary / vein
Which component of the blood makes antibodies?
White blood cells
Give two differences between the blood vessels at point X and point Y
X is artery carry oxiginated blood from the heart to the organs of the body
has a thick muscular elastic wall , small lumen
Y is vein carry deoxiginated blood from organs back towards the heart
has a thin muscular elastic wall , large lumen
Where does the adrenaline get released?
adrenal gland
Describe the process of phagocytosis
Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells
Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes to digest it
Draw and label a phagocyte.
State 2 differences between the structure of the phagocytes and red blood cells
Red blood cells : biconcave discs containing no nucleus/ plenty of haemoglobin
phagocytes : Large cells containing a “lobed” nucleus / no haemoglobin
Label the blood cells
Describe how lymphocytes are involved in the immune response.
illustrate ( draw a diagram)
The function of the lymphocytes is to make antibodies which pass into the plasma , pathogens such as bacteria and viruses have chemical ‘maker’ on their surfaces (antigens) which the antibodies recognise. The antibodies stick to the surface antigens and destroy the pathogen .
Blood consists of
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
Draw and describe the lymphocyte
It has a large round nucleus which takes up nearly the whole cell and has a clear, non-granular cytoplasm
soluble proteins made by lymphocytes that pass into the plasma
Antibodies
illustrate the phagocytosis process
Unicellular organisms do not have a circulatory systems
They obtain oxygen by ……………………………….
diffusion through the surface membrane of the cell.
The area of the cell’s surface determines …………………. – the supply rate.
The volume of the cell determines………………………… – the demand rate
The area of the cell’s surface determines how much oxygen the organism can get – the supply rate.
The volume of the cell determines how much oxygen the organism uses – the demand rate
The ‘surface area to volume ratio’ is( high/low )in single-celled organisms
The ‘surface area to volume ratio’ is high in single-celled organisms
What do larger animals have to make sure they get all the oxygen they need?
They have gas exchange organs and circulatory systems.
For example – lungs in mammals and gills of fish
Label the following diagram of the fish single circularity system
Advantages of double circularity system
Advantages
A) Low pressure pumped to the lungs– doesn’t damage lungs
B) High pressure pumped to the rest of the body – ensures blood (carrying oxygen and nutrients) reaches organs quickly
C) Efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide.
State the full names of the heart’s chambers
Right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
A blood clot that can cause complete blockage of coronary arteries
Thrombosis
What CHD
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease begins when the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up of fatty material within their walls.
How long is the life span of a red blood cell?
4 months
How many litres of blood are contained in the human body?
5
What % of your body weight that is made up by your blood?
8%
How many times does your heart beat in 1 day?
100,000
The process of artificially supplying antigens to a person, e.g. as an injection.
Vaccination
…………………… is a soluble protein that is transported in the plasma, this chemical change into insoluble fibers of another protein to form a blood clot
Fibrinogen
State which graph represents the primary immune response
and the secondary immune response
A = primary immune response
B= secondary immune response
atria
two upper chambers of the heart where blood enters the heart from the vena cava (right atrium) and pulmonary vein (left atrium)
A blood vessel with a thick muscular wall and a narrow lumen carrying blood away from the heart.
artery
chemical ‘maker’ on the surface of a cell that identifies the ell as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’
antigen
valve in the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
region in the medulla of the brain that controls heart rate
cardiac centre
sequence of events taking place in the heart during one heartbeat.
cardiac cycle
specialised muscle making up the heart wall, able to contract rhythmically without fatiguing
cardiac muscle
blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney
Renal artery
blood vessel that takes blood away from a kidney
Renal vein
