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Science for Medicine Taz > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells that share characteristics and specialisation.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that synchronise together to form a particular function.

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3
Q

Write the equation for aerobic respiration.

A

Nutrients + O2 = ATP + CO2 + waste.

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis maintains an optimal internal environment. e.g. pH, Temperature.

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5
Q

What controls homeostatis?

A

The nervous and the endocrine system.

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6
Q

When does homeostasis become less effective?

A

At extreme conditions, for example, extreme temperatures.

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7
Q

What is negative feedback control?

A

When a change occurs in the body, it is sensed by a receptor. The message passes to integrating centre, and it the change is compared to the reference level. The volume of change generates a signal, which meets an effector, which responds to correct the change.

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8
Q

Negative feedback control corrects itself. What is the term for this?

A

Self-limiting.

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9
Q

What sort of things impact bodies homeostatis?

A

Diet, External Temperature, exercise.

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10
Q

Give an example of negative feedback control.

A

If the bodies core temperature increases, the body will respond to lower it. This minimises potential effects on core temperature.

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11
Q

What is feed forward control?

A

When additional receptors anticipate change, and activate an early response. For example, receptors in skin detect external temp change and response before CORE temperature can change.

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12
Q

What receptors are responsible in keeping the bodies core temperature unchanged in body by Feed Forward Control.

A

Thermoreceptors.

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13
Q

What is positive feedback control?

A

The opposite of negative feedback control. The initial disturbance, rather than being corrected, leads to a change of further disturbances.

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14
Q

Give 3 general examples of positive feedback control.

A

Nerve action potential.
Ovulation.
Sexual behaviour.

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15
Q

Explain the homeostatic control of blood glucose.

A

Eat. Blood glucose increases. Insulin causes the glucose uptake in cells to increase. Blood Glucose in cells decreases. Goes back to normal.

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16
Q

Explain the principle of diabetes.

A

Eat. Blood Glucose increases. NO INSULIN. The body thinks that the body is starving as the LIVER and MUSCLE cells do not uptake glucose. This causes the liver to release more glucose. This causes blood glucose to increase even more. This is known as HYPERGLYCAEMIA. It can cause blindness, kidney damage and death.

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17
Q

What is the condition which is elevated blood glucose concentration?

A

Hyperglycaemia.

18
Q

Where is water found in the body?

A

The plasma and interstitial fluid, which collectively make up the extracellular fluid. The intercellular fluid. (2 thirds of all water).

19
Q

What can move freely throughout the whole body?

A

Water.

20
Q

What is the difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid?

A

They are the exact same except plasma contains plasma proteins which are too large to cross the membrane.

21
Q

What type of fluid includes CSF, brain fluid, eye fluid, joint fluid.

A

Extracellular fluid.

22
Q

What can imbalances of fluid cause?

A

Cardiac and electrochemical function.

23
Q

Do females or males contain more fluid?

A

Males.

24
Q

Does fat or muscle have more water content?

A

Muscle. Muscle is around 70% water, whereas fat is 10% water.

25
Q

Do older people have more or less water than younger people in relation to the rest of their body weight?

A

Less water content - as they have less muscle.

26
Q

How does fat and muscle conc. relate to drugs?

A

Whether the drug is lipid/water soluble will effect the rate that the drug gets eliminated.

27
Q

What is the dynamic component of the extra cellular fluid?

A

Plasma - it is always moving through the vessels due to the heart beating.

28
Q

What happens if we have no homeostasis?

A

Potassium ion will increase, nerves will be disrupted, and THE HEART WILL DIE.

29
Q

What does ‘hypo-‘ mean.

A

Less than normal.

30
Q

What does ‘hyper-‘ mean.

A

More than normal.

31
Q

What does ‘Aemia/emia’ .

A

’ In the blood. ‘

32
Q

What is the dilution principle?

A

The dilution principle measures bodily fluids.

33
Q

What can be sampled in the dilution principle?

A

Only compartments of which plasma is a component can be sampled. For example, all extracellular fluids.

34
Q

What are the conditions for the test subject ?

A

The test subjects must be non toxic, evenly distribute through the compartment being measured, can’t affect water distribution, unchanged by the body, and easy to measure.

35
Q

how do you measure plasma volume?

A

since plasma proteins cannot cross the capillary wall, you can use a dye or radioactive label on protein - Evan’s blue, 1 125 albumin.

36
Q

how do you measure the extra cellular fluid?

A

You need something that can freely cross the capillary wall, but not cross the cell membrane. for example, sucrose for inulin. (something thats quite large)

37
Q

How do you measure total body water?

A

There is no barrier to water, you can use a loading dose of radioactive water - deuterium.

38
Q

How do you calculate the Interstitial fluid?

A

ECF - PV

39
Q

How do you calculate the ICF?

A

TBW - ECF

40
Q

what do you do to carry out the dilution principle?

A

You inject the substance into either the plasma, the water, or the ECF.
Then you calculate the volume of distribution.

41
Q

How do you calculate the volume of distribution?

A

(injected amount - any removed by excretion/metabolism) / concentration of sample fluid.

Science for Medicine Taz (14 decks)

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