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biology paper 2 > homeostasis > Flashcards

homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of internal conditions in the body

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2
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

so cells and enzymes can function optimally

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3
Q

What hormone does the adrenal glands release?

What does this hormone control?

A

Adrenaline
It controls heartrate and blood glucose going to muscles allowing them to contract/relax (fight or flight)
(on top of kidneys)

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4
Q

What hormones do the ovaries release?

What does these hormones control?

A

Oestrogen (Progesterone, FSH, LH)
Controls female puberty and the menstrual cycle and hold the female gametes (egg cells)
(only found in females)

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5
Q

What hormone does the testes release?

What does this hormone do?

A

Testosterone
Controls male puberty and producing male gametes (sperm production)
(only found in males)

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6
Q

What hormones do the pancreas release?

What do these hormones control?

A

Insulin and Glucagon
Regulate and controls blood glucose concentration
(in front of kidneys)

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7
Q

What is the other name for the pituitary gland?

What does it do?

A

The master gland
Tells other glands to release hormones (e.g: Thyroid stimulating hormone - TSH) + tell body what to do
(located near the brain)

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8
Q

What hormone does the thyroid release?

What does this hormone do?

A

Thyroxine
Regulates metabolism (important role in growth and development)
(located in the neck)

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9
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

A
  • when blood glucose concentration is too high
  • insulin is released to lower blood glucose concentration levels
  • which converts extra glucose into glycogen in the liver which makes the cells more permeable
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10
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too low?

A
  • when blood glucose concentration is too low
  • glucagon is released to increase blood glucose concentration levels
  • which converts glycogen into glucose so it can be absorbed back into the blood stream
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Describe what happens when body temperature gets too high?

3 marks

A
  • The sweat glands release more sweat
  • blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)
  • hairs lay flat (erector muscles contract)
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13
Q

How does vasoconstriction help the body to warm up?

2 marks

A
  • The arterioles get narrower
  • so less blood can flow to skin
  • so less energy lost by radiation
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14
Q
  1. What part of the body detects a change in temperature?

2. Where does it detect this change from ?

A
  1. Thermoregulatory centre (in the hypothalamus in brain)

2. Receptors in the skin

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15
Q

Describe what happens when body temperature gets too low? ( trying to warm body up)
(3 marks)

A
  • The sweat glands release less sweat
  • blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
  • (erector muscles contract trapping a layer of insulating air) hairs stand on end
  • skeletal muscles contract (shiver)
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16
Q

If the blood is too dilute (too much water) what happens?

A
  • pituitary gland stops releasing ADH so kidneys reabsorb less water into the blood so volume of urine increases
17
Q

If the blood is too concentrated (not enough water) what happens?

A

hypothalamus detects the low concentration of water in the bloodstream.
sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which tells it to release more antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
The ADH travels around the body in the blood, and stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the tubules into the blood.
less urine will be made, and the concentration of water in the blood rises.

18
Q

define thermoregulation

A

control of our internal body temperature

19
Q

where are the 2 main places temperature receptors are found in the body

A

skin

blood vessels

20
Q

explain how shivering warms up the body

A

Shivering involves muscles contracting and relaxing automatically. This requires a lot of energy from cellular respiration, which in the process releases a lot of heat energy as waste.

21
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels near the skin become wider, increasing the flow of blood in the skin capillaries

22
Q

How does sweat keep us cool?

A

As sweat evaporates it removes heat energy from the skin

23
Q

(what main 2 cells convert excess glucose to glycogen)

What are the two main organs that insulin stimulates to absorb glucose from the blood?

A

liver and muscle cells

24
Q

how does glucagon work

A

When blood glucose levels fall too low it’s detected by the pancreas
This causes the pancreas to release the hormone
glucagon into the blood stream.
This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the liver
This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.
This extra glucose increases blood glucose levels back up to normal.

25
Q
  1. when is type 1 diabetes typically diagnosed?
  2. what is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes?
  3. what is type 1 diabetes caused by?
  4. what are the 2 factors that decide how much insulin they need to inject?
  5. why are people with diabetes encouraged to exercise?
A
  1. childhood/ teenage years
    (life long)
  2. insulin injections
  3. pancreas not producing enough insulin
    (so there is uncontrolled high glucose levels)
  4. what they have just eaten? how much exercise they are doing?
  5. when you exercise you absorb more glucose from the blood so they would have to inject less insulin (into their thigh, upper arm)
26
Q
  1. when is type 2 diabetes typically diagnosed?
  2. what is type 2 diabetes caused by (in terms of insulin)?
  3. what is the main treatment for type 2 diabetes?
A
  1. in older people
    ( due to having unhealthy diets for a long period of time)
  2. the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas (high blood glucose levels)
  3. healthy low sugar diet and regular exercise
27
Q

list 3 ways we lose water

A

skin when we sweat
lungs when we exhale
urine

28
Q

why is water regulation important

A

cells gain/lose water through osmosis

(too much water in your body the water diffused into your cells thro

29
Q

what happens when you have too much water in your body

A

the water diffuses into your cells through osmosis causing them to swell and burst

30
Q

what happens when you have too little water in your body

A

your cells could lose their water and shrink

31
Q

explain how the kidney produces urine

A
  1. filtration
    water, urea, ions, glucose move from the capillary into the tubule as a result of high blood pressure
    large molecules like protein remain in the blood
  2. selective reabsorption
    all glucose, some ions, some water are reabsorbed into the blood from the tubule
  3. urine formation
    some ions, some water and all the urea are transported to the bladder for excretion as urine
32
Q

explain the process of deamination

A

body has too many amino acids in the liver these are deaminated to form ammonia which is toxic so it is immediately converted to urea which then has to be excreted by the kidney

biology paper 2 (25 decks)

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