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biology paper 2 > definitely in exam mix! > Flashcards

definitely in exam mix! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

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2
Q

What 3 things does homeostasis control?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water levels
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3
Q

what do receptors do and what is one example?

A
  • detect stimuli (a change in environment)

- skin cells

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4
Q

what do coordination centres do?

name 3 coordination centres

A
  • receive and process information from the receptors

- the brain, spinal cord, pancreas

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5
Q

what do effectors do?

what 2 things in the body are effectors?

A

bring about responses which optimise levels

muscles and glands

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6
Q

how did Carl Linnaeus classify animals in the 1700’s?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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7
Q

Homo sapiens is a binomial name what 2 classifications does it include

A

Genus - homo

Species- sapiens

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8
Q

Why has classification improved?

2 marks

A

-improved microscope technology
(with more detail in internal structures)
- better understanding of biochemical processes (DNA)
(because of chemical analysis)

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9
Q

How do we classify now (Carl Woese’s system)

A 
Into domains 
There are 3 types:
- Archaea (primitive bacteria)
- Bacteria
-Eukaryota ( protists, fungi, animals, plants, kingdom, phylum)
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10
Q

biotic factors

A

the living parts of an environment that have a major impact on the other living parts

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11
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living parts of the environment that affect the living parts

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12
Q

List 4 biotic factors

A
  1. competition
  2. predators
  3. pathogens
  4. availability of food
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13
Q

List 6 abiotic factors

A
  1. light intensity
  2. temperature
  3. soil pH
  4. moisture levels
  5. wind intensity
  6. carbon dioxide levels
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14
Q

define adaptations

A

features of an organism which allows them to survive, compete, be successful

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15
Q

list 4 things plants compete for

A
  1. water
  2. nutrients
  3. space
  4. sunlight
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16
Q

list 5 things animals compete for

A
  1. mates
  2. food
  3. territory
  4. water
  5. shelter
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17
Q

What 3 things can adaptations be broken down into

A
  1. Structural
  2. Behavioural
  3. Functional
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18
Q

Are these functional, structural, behavioural??

  1. sweating
  2. feet with large surface area
  3. sharp teeth
  4. migrating to warmer climates
  5. increasing metabolic rate
  6. penguins huddling together
A
  1. functional
  2. structural
  3. structural
  4. behavioural
  5. functional
  6. behavioural
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19
Q

define ecosystem

A

the interaction of a community of biotic factors with abiotic factors of their environment

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20
Q

define species

A

group of organisms which can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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21
Q

define interdependence

A

1 organism relies on another

e.g: for food

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22
Q

what are the 6 parts of a food web

A 
- producer
primary consumer
- secondary consumer
- tertiary consumer
- apex predator 
- decomposer
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23
Q

define intraspecific

A

competition between individuals of the same species

24
Q

define interspecific

A

competition between individuals of different species

25
Q

define habitat

A

place where an organism lives

26
Q

define population

A

all of the organisms of a particular species that live in that habitat

27
Q

define community

A

all the populations of different species that live together in a habitat

28
Q

define competition

A

an interaction between organisms or species in which they both try to use the same limited resources

29
Q

define stable community

A

all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant

30
Q

Explain the carbon cycle

A
  • plants and animals release CO2 when we respire
  • plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis
  • when plants and animals die during the decay process they are eaten by micro organisms which releases the carbon in their cells
  • animals eat plants releasing the carbon they stored
31
Q

What are the 3 kinds of pollution and what are their sources?

A

water - from sewage, fertiliser, toxic chemicals
air - from smoke, acidic gases
land - landfill, toxic chemicals

32
Q

What affects is an increased global population having?

A

increased global population
increased use of earth’s resource
therefore increased waste material
as a result = increased pollution

33
Q

define water pollution

A

the pollution of water by sewage, chemicals, fertilisers

34
Q

define air pollution

A

the pollution of air by burning fossil fuels, cattle farming (when cows fart they release methane)

35
Q

define land pollution

A

the pollution of land by humans by building on land, modifying environments for agriculture, extracting minerals

36
Q

what is global warming

A

this increase in earth’s temperature leads to climate change

37
Q

what is an increase in greenhouse gases caused by?

A
  • cattle farming (methane)

- burning fossil fuels and deforestation (carbon dioxide)

38
Q

What is deforestation and what are the implications of it?

A
  • large scale removal of forests
    so less CO2 is absorbed
    but also when these trees are burnt it releases CO2
    it also causes mass destruction of habitat having a negative impact on biodiversity
39
Q

What are the consequences of global warming?

A
  • droughts
  • flooding (due to increased sea levels because of melting ice caps)
    _ decreased biodiversity ( due to habitat loss and this puts more animals at risk of extinction)
  • increased diseases (malaria- will be hotter so these mosquitoes may migrate to here and thrive in our climate)
40
Q

define deforestation

A

large scale removal of forests

41
Q

why do we deforest?

A
  • clear land for farming
    (raise cattle, plant other crops, biofuels)
  • logging
    (use wood to build things, burn for fuel)
  • mining
    (quarrying)
42
Q

the problems of deforestation

A
  • more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (which contributes to global warming)
  • burn the trees
    (releases more carbon dioxide but also the smoke can suffocate animals and pollute towns
  • reduces biodiversity in area (puts animals at risk of extinction)
43
Q

what is the soil like in peat bogs?

A

acidic and waterlogged

44
Q

when peat bogs are drained for farmland what happens to the soil

A

because there is now no water so air and oxygen can go into the peat allowing micro-organisms to respire aerobically and decompose the organic matter which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming

45
Q

what do we use peat for? (2 marks)

A
  • fuel

- compost in our gardens

46
Q

Do peat bogs decay organic matter more or less than normal soils?

A

less

47
Q

as the bars get smaller in a biomass pyramid what is happening to the total mass of the organisms ?

A

it is decreasing

48
Q

what do pyramids of biomass show?

A

the biomass of each tropic level in a food chain

49
Q

why is only 10% of the biomass and energy passed on? (3 marks)

A
  • organisms don’t eat every part
    -the bit they do eat might not be absorbed and may be egested as faeces
  • some absorbed material is lost as waste like urea in urine and carbon dioxide + water in respiration
  • most of the nutrients animals do absorb are used to release energy through respiration (- large amounts of glucose are lost during respiration)
    (biomass is released as waste products e.g: carbon dioxide and urea)
50
Q

how to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer

A

efficiency= biomass transferred to next level
——————————————————-
biomass available at the previous level

x100

51
Q

define a stable community

A

all the species environmental factors are balanced so population sizes remain fairly constant

52
Q

define interdependence

A

if one species is removed it will affect the whole community

53
Q

explain the water cycle (6 marks)

A
  • the sun heats up the surface of the water causing it to evaporate ( from rivers, oceans)
  • the transpiration from plants releases water vapour into the air
  • the moist air cools as it rises causing it to condense forming cumulonimbus clouds
  • as the water droplets in the clouds get bigger and heavier they start to fall as rain, hail, sleet, snow ( the 4 forms of precipitation)
54
Q

what do decomposers and detritivores do?

A

decompose the dead animal and plant matter in the environment

55
Q

What do the arrows in a food chain show?

A

The transfer of energy & biomass

56
Q 
define extremophiles
(2 marks)
A

microorganisms like archaea and bacteria that are adapted to live in extreme environments where there is high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration

biology paper 2 (25 decks)

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