HNS

Question 1

what passes through the cribriform plate

Answer 1

CN1 (olfactory)

Question 2

what passes through the optic canal (2)

Answer 2

CN2 (optic nerve)

ophthalmic artery

Question 3

what passes through the superior orbital fissure (5)

Answer 3

CN3 (oculomotor)
CN4 (trochlear)
CN5a (ophthalmic branch of trigeminal)
CN6 (abducens)
ophthalmic vein

Question 4

what passes through the foramen rotundum

Answer 4

CN5b (maxillary branch of trigeminal)

Question 5

what passes through the foramen ovale

Answer 5

CN5c (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

Question 6

what passes through the foramen spinosum (2)

Answer 6

middle meningeal artery

middle meningeal vein

Question 7

what passes through the carotid canal

Answer 7

internal carotid artery

Question 8

what passes through the internal acoustic meatus (2)

Answer 8

CN7 (facial)

CN8 (vestibulocochlear)

Question 9

what passes through the jugular foramen (4)

Answer 9

CN9 (glossopharyngeal)
CN10 (vagus)
CN11 (accessory)
internal jugular vein

Question 10

what passes through the hypoglossal canal

Answer 10

CN12 (hypoglossal)

Question 11

what passes through the foramen magnum (a bunch)

Answer 11

spinal roots of accessory nerves
spinal cord
vertebral arteries

Question 12

what passes through the stylomastoid foramen

Answer 12

CN7 (facial)

Question 13

what C vertebrae is the body of the hyoid level with?

Answer 13

C3

Question 14

what C vertebrae is the cricoid cartilage level with?

Answer 14

C6

Question 15

what C vertebrae is the upper border of the thyroid cartilage level with?

Answer 15

C4

Question 16

what are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 16

midline of the neck
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
inferior border of the mandible

Question 17

what are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck

Answer 17

posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
anterior border of trapezius
clavicle

Question 18

what is the afferent pathway involved in the accommodation reflex

Answer 18

retina -> optic nerve (CN2) -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> lateral geniculate body -> optic radiation -> visual cortex

Question 19

what is the efferent pathway involved in the accommodation reflex

Answer 19

visual cortex -> pretectal nuclei -> Edinger-Westphal nucleus -> CN3 -> sphincter pupillae

Question 20

how is the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve tested

Answer 20

test sensation in the skin from the top of the head down to the upper eyelids

Question 21

how is the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve tested

Answer 21

test sensation in the skin from the anterior temple and middle part of the face down to the corners of the mouth

Question 22

how is the sensory function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve tested

Answer 22

test sensation in the strip of skin running down from the middle part of the temple and the skin anterior to the ear going down to the chin

Question 23

how is the motor function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve tested

Answer 23

palpate masseter (cheek) and temporalis (temples) muscles

Question 24

how is the motor function of the facial nerve tested

Answer 24

act the patient to make faces:

1. smile
2. frown
3. close eyes tightly
4. lift eyes
5. show teeth
6. puff cheeks

Question 25

how is the glossopharyngeal nerve tested

Answer 25

use tongue depressor to evoke gag reflex | glossopharyngeal nerve is main sensory nerve for posterior 1/3rd of tongue and oropharynx

Question 26

how is the motor function of the vagus nerve tested

Answer 26

ask pt to open their mouth and say "ahh" look for elevation of the uvula deviation occurs away from the lesion

Question 27

how is the motor function of the hypoglossal nerve tested

Answer 27

ask pt to stick out tongue deviation occurs towards the lesion hypoglossal nerve is only motor nerve of the tongue

Question 28

what is the surface landmark of C7

Answer 28

cervical vertebra with a prominent spinous process

Question 29

what is the surface landmark of T3

Answer 29

level of the medial end of the scapular spine

Question 30

what is the surface landmark of T7

Answer 30

level with the inferior angle of the scapula

Question 31

what is the surface landmark of L2

Answer 31

level of the lowest part of the 12th rib

Question 32

what is the surface landmark of L4

Answer 32

level of the iliac crest

Question 33

what is the position of the external jugular vein

Answer 33

line from earlobe/angle of mandible to the mid-clavicle

Question 34

what is the position of the IJV

Answer 34

line from earlobe/angle of mandible to sternoclavicular joint slightly lateral and parallel to the common carotid artery

Question 35

where is a cricothyroidotomy performed

Answer 35

through the cricothyroid membrane which is between the thyroid and the cricoid cartilage

Question 36

where is a tracheostomy performed

Answer 36

midway between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch