Abdo

Question 1

what is the position of the inguinal ligament

Answer 1

ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 2

where is the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 2

superficial and lateral to the pubic tubercle

Question 3

where is the deep inguinal ring

Answer 3

midway between ASIS and pubic tubercle, anterior to inguinal ligament

Question 4

what are the differences between male and female pelvic inlet and subpubic angle

Answer 4

pelvic inlet: heart shaped in men. circular in women
subpubic angle: greater in women (80-85 degrees) than in men (50-60 degrees)

women have wider pubic arch than men

Question 5

what are the 9 abdominal regions

Answer 5

epigastric region
L/R hypochondrium 
umbilical region
L/R lumbar region (flank)
suprapubic region
R/L iliac region

Question 6

what planes separate the 9 abdominal regions

Answer 6

vertical = mid-clavicular line 
horizontal = sub-costal plane, transtubercular plane

Question 7

how is the subcostal plane found

Answer 7

it is a line joining the lowermost bony point of the rib cage

at the level of L2/3

Question 8

how is the transpyloric plane found

Answer 8

located halfway between jugular notch of manubrium and pubic symphysis

the tip of the 9th costal cartilage

at the level of L1

Question 9

how is the trans tubercular plane found

Answer 9

it is a line across the left and right iliac tubercles

at the level of L5

Question 10

how is the supracristal plane found

Answer 10

it is a line joining the highest points of the iliac crest - roughly at the umbilicus

at the level of L4

Question 11

where is the pylorus of the stomach located

Answer 11

in transpyloric plane (L1) 2.5cm left of the midline

located in left hypochondriac and epigastric region

Question 12

where is the duodenum located

Answer 12

1st part is at the transpyloric plane
2nd part runs downwards for about 7.5cm, to the subcostal plane 5cm right of the midline
3rd part (turns back on itself) crosses the midline just above umbilicus
ends just left of midline at L2/3
4th part is at the level of L2 2.5cm left of the midline

Question 13

where is the appendix and located

Answer 13

right iliac and hypogastric regions

Question 14

where is the caecum located

Answer 14

right iliac fossa region close to the inguinal ligament

Question 15

where is the ascending colon located

Answer 15

right lumbar region

Question 16

where is the descending colon located

Answer 16

left lumbar region

Question 17

where is the urinary bladder located

Answer 17

hypogastric region

Question 18

where is the spleen located

Answer 18

lies along rib 9, 10, 11

between erector spinal muscles and mid-axillary line

Question 19

where is the gall bladder located

Answer 19

where the transpyloric plane meets the right clavicular line (9th cc)

Question 20

where is the liver located

Answer 20

upper border: from right 5th rib to left 5th ICS in mid-clavicular line

oblique border: follows right costal margin from right mid-axillary line, through 9th costal cartilage, to the tip of the left 5th ics in midclavicular line

right border: right costal margin in mid-axillary line to 5th rib

Question 21

where are the kidneys located

Answer 21

the hilum of kidneys is around the transpyloric plane (L1)
left kidney is slightly higher
medial border (hilum): about 4.5cm from posterior midline

each kidney is 9-12cm long by 5-7cm wide

superior pole is in line with T11 and covered by 12th rib. inferior poles are 3-4cm above the iliac crest

Question 22

where are the ureters of the kidneys located

Answer 22

descend vertically from hula to iliac fossa

Question 23

where is pain from the foregut felt

Answer 23

T5-9 dermatome and epigastric region

Question 24

where is pain from the midgut felt

Answer 24

umbilical region

Question 25

where is pain from the hindgut region felt

Answer 25

pubic region

Question 26

where is pain from an inflamed gallbladder/pancreas felt

Answer 26

right shoulder due to irritation of infra-diaphragmatic peritoneum (phrenic nerve)

Question 27

where is pain from an inflamed appendix felt

Answer 27

referred to T10 dermatome - umbilical region