HL - Group Dynamics, social responsibility, prejudice, origins of conflict Flashcards
1
Q
Social Exchange Theory
A
- (Homans, 1950)
- People want to join a group that offers them the maximum reward
- Example - Rugby Team, you train hard because you want to play an important position.This cost-benefit goes both ways, you want to get the most of the group but the group also wants to get the best out of you (Brown, 2000)
2
Q
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
A
- Proposed by Campbell in 1965
- States that conflict occurs when groups have opposing goals when they are competing for limited resources
Intergroup conflict leads to developing ingroup norms, displaying ingroup favoritism →this encourages negative discrimination and connotation to the outgroup. - Ingroup members that don’t follow group expectations can be discriminated against and/or ostracized (Schofield 2010)
3
Q
Theory of Group Position
A
- Blummer 1985
- They believe that when an ingroup has certain privileges or monopoly over resources and they perceive an outgroup to be making claims about it, competition and conflict are likely to occur
4
Q
Social Dominance Theory
A
- Most societies have a social order
- Sometimes resources are distributed in a disproportionate way
- There is an ideology that believes that for one group to succeed in a society then another group must fail
- Esses et al (2003) view that individuals with high levels of social dominance view immigrants as directly competing with the host country for resources (jobs or political power)
5
Q
Terror Management Theory
A
- Greenberg et al (1990)
- Propose that we fear our own meaninglessness as we fear mortality
- To overcome these fears we create our ideologies or cultural worldviews
- This means that when faced with death, humans increase their prejudice or hate towards the outgroups who threaten or challenge their religious or political
6
Q
Reciprocal Altruism Theory
A
- Proposed by Robert Trivers 1971
- The reciprocal altruism theory believe that an altruistic act with a stranger or not is an act that may benefit the helper as well.
- For example, helping someone because you believe that in the future they will help you
- Claims that helping is genetically beneficial because if you help when you can, may mean that you will receive help when you need it, aiding in the propagation of your genes.
7
Q
Kin Selection Theory
A
- Proposed by Hamilton in 1964
- Evolutionary explanation of prosocial behavior
- They believe that it is more evolutionarily beneficial to help those with similar genes to you, such as siblings
- This would imply that helping behavior will occur more often with healthy and younger people because you are helping them so that they can survive and pass on their genes
8
Q
Empathy Altruism Hypothesis
A
- Believes that people act to help others out of empathetic feelings and genuine concern for well being
- For C Daniel Batson - If we act empathetic we are not measuring what we will get in return
The problem with this study is that in his experiment he constantly faced the social desirability effect
9
Q
Negative Relief Model
A
- Cialdini et al (1987)
- Argue that increased empathy for a victim brings increased sadness for the observer and that helping is the egoistic relief of this sadness rather than altruistic motivation
10
Q
Ethic competition theory
A
- States that the larger the outgroup, the larger the threat from the ingroup
11
Q
Contact hypothesis.
A
- Allport 1954
- The best way to reduce conflict between groups is that they get in contact with each other.
- However There are many examples where placing rival groups in contact with each other has produced even more hostility.
- Some conditions need to be put in place for this hypothesis to work
12
Q
Intergroup Contact Theory
A
- Claims that if the outgroup is large then the ingroup will have ore opportunities to get to know them and become friends
