Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced MNT 1 > HIV & AIDS > Flashcards

HIV & AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Highest prevalence of HIV is in ______

A

Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

by sex assigned at birth, more common in ________
more prevalent in ______ race

A

males (but pretty even worldwide)
black Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ prevalence, but _____ new cases

A

increase
less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PLWHA

A

people living with HIV or AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HIV is a _____ infection and ______

A

primary
retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

retrovirus is an ________ virus which replicated using enzyme ________ to copy RNA to DNA

A

enveloped RNA
reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HIV invades the genetic core of the _________ cells to replicate.

A

CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HIV infection causes a progressive depletion of _____ cells which cause ______

A

CD4+ cells
immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

transmission of HIV through ?

A

blood
semen
vaginal secretions
breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most common method of transmission

A

sexual contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in utero, during birth, or breast feeding

A

perinatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is recommended for babies

A

not breastfeeding unless country has unclean water
milk bank or formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what test screens for HIV
window period?

A

HIV Antibody testing
up to 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prep is ?

A

Pre-exposure Profalaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The two main biomarkers used to assess disease progression are ?

A

CD4+ T-cell count
Viral load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stages of HIV

A
  1. Acute HIV infection
  2. Clinical Latency
  3. Symptomatic HIV infection
  4. Aids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Period from transmission to the host until the production of detectable antibodies against the virus (_______) is ?

A

Acute HIV Infection
seroconversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

initial symptoms of Acute HIV infection
Occur _____ of infection
duration of symptoms ?

A

fever, malaise, pharyngitis, myalgia, swollen lymph glands
2-4 weeks
1-2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the acute HIV infection phase, rapid viral replication prior to ___________, ___________ at this time

A

the specific immune response
highly infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when virus is active and replicating but at a lower rate than during acute stage?

CD4+ counts steadily decline. CD4+ is >_____

A

clinical latency/ asymptomatic HIV

> 500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

characteristics of clinical latency HIV

A

lymphadenopathy (swollen glands)
seborrheic dermatitis (red blotches on skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

clinical latency of HIV can last ______

A

10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what stage for symptomatic HIV infection has reduced cell-mediated immunity?

A

symptomatic HIV infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

symptomatic HIV infection CD4 count is _____

A

<500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

symptoms of symptomatic HIV infection

A

fevers
chronic diarrhea
unintentional weight loss
recurrent fungal, bacteria, or viral infections

oral candidiasis (mouth mucous infection), oral hairy leukoplakia (tongue looks hairy), herpes zoster (shingles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

AIDS stage includes the HIV infection along with CD4+ cell count of ______ or documentation of ______________

A

<200

an AIDS defining condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when in aids are highly susceptible to __________

A

opportunistic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

AIDS invloves opportunistic infections such as _____, _____, ______, and _____

A

pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

cytomegalovirus (CMV) - can cause enteritis (inflammation on small intestine) and can cause blindness

cryptosporidiosis - causes severe diarrhea

Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

other manifestations of AIDS (not opportunistic infections)

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma
lymphoma
HIV-associated encephalopathy (can develop dementia)
HIV-associated wasting
direct organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Cancer of the lymphatic and vascular endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

clinical manifestations of kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Purple nodules on skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, or throughout the GIT

Lesions in the oral cavity or esophagus=> painful swallowing and/or dysphagia

GIT - diarrhea or intestinal obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Drug therapy for HIV And AIDS

A

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

drugs used for complications

consider side effects and food-drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Antiretroviral drugs => act to __________________

Combination of _____ antiretroviral agents

Reduces __________ of the virus in the _____

Decrease rate of _______________

Increases survival time

A

suppress replication of HIV

three

concentrations
blood

opportunistic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what drugs block the virus’s replication mechanism

A

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

NRTIs example

A

zidovudine (Retrovir)

36
Q

what side effects can NRTIs cause

A

anorexia
nausea
diarrhea
anemia

37
Q

food Drug interactions with NRTIs

A

High fat meals (around 40 g) decrease drug absorption

38
Q

drugs that Inhibit protease enzyme which HIV cells need to develop and mature

A

protease inhibitors (PI)

39
Q

protease inhibitors example

A

indinavir (Crixivan)

40
Q

side effects of protease inhibitors

A

nausea
metallic taste
diarrhea
hyperglycemia
hyperlipidemia
lipodystrophy

41
Q

FDI of protease inhibitors

A

avoid st. johns wort
- increase metabolism of drug (decrease serum levels)

avoid grapefruit
- compete for cytochrome p450 enzymes and result in increased or decreased drug levels

42
Q

drugs that Blocks the virus’s replication mechanism

A

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

43
Q

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) example

A

nevirapine (viramune)

44
Q

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) side effects

A

N/V
stomatitis
diarrhea
hepatotoxic

45
Q

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) FDI ?

A

avoid st.johns wort
- induces enzymes systems leading to increased metabolism and lower serum levels

46
Q

challenges of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

A

Adherence
- Complicated regimens
- Side effects
- Cost

Drug resistance

47
Q

other medications for HIV AIDS

A

Antifungal (Amphotericin B)
Antibiotics
Antiprotozoal (Pentamidine)
Antiviral (Acyclovir)
Isoniazid (INH)

48
Q

Isoniazid (INH) FDI ?

A

Causes decreased vitamin B6 levels

Rx: Pyridoxal 5-phosphate supplementation of 25-50 mg/d

49
Q

HIV-associated Wasting Syndrome is unintentional weight loss and loss of LBM…
CDC definition: >____ weight loss from baseline accompanied by:
___________________; or
______________________________

A

10%
diarrhea for >30 days
chronic weakness & fever for >30 days in the absence of an infection

50
Q

cycle of HIV wasting

A

Decreased intake, malabsorption, and increased caloric needs
malnutrition
tissue mass depletion and muscle wasting
increased susceptibility to infection
increased vulnerability to treatment related toxicities
increased weekness

51
Q

Impact of Malnutrition

A

decreased immune functions

Reduced response to treatments, decreased quality of life, decreased longevity

52
Q

decreased immune functions can create deficiencies such as ________ that interfere with immune function ?

A

protein
EFA
vitamins A, C, D, E, zinc, selenium

53
Q

Causes of Malnutrition & Wasting

A

Inadequate oral intake
GI tract disorders, infections, malabsorption
Increased metabolic rate
Lack of physical activity
Alcohol use disorder

54
Q

Decreased Oral Intake Due to:

A

Anorexia: meds or illness
GI distress
Fatigue
Dysgeusia due to meds, xerostomia, or oral candidiasis
Depression
Dyspnea
Neurologic disease=> altered mental status
Food insecurity
Disorders of the oral cavity & esophagus

55
Q

Disorders of the Oral Cavity & Esophagus examples

A

Oral candidiasis
Tumors, lesions, Kaposi’s sarcoma

56
Q

Disorders of the Oral Cavity & Esophagus can cause ?

A

soreness of the mouth & tongue, difficulty chewing, odynophagia, dysphagia

57
Q

GIT is one of the most common systems affected by HIV

_________ is the most common symptom
Can also experience ______, ______, and _______

A

Diarrhea

N/V
Abdominal pain
Malabsorption

58
Q

Causes of Diarrhea

A

Medications
Intestinal pathogens
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Lactose intolerance
Fat malabsorption

59
Q

Gastrointestinal Pathology in HIV/AIDS
- Intestinal _______________

A

pathogens & neoplasms

60
Q

Gastrointestinal Pathology in HIV/AIDS
what are some problems that can happen? (pathogens? and neoplasms?)

A

Cytomegalovirus, Cryptosporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
Neoplasms=> GI Kaposi’s sarcoma; Lymphomas
HIV-enteropathy

61
Q

causes of Gastrointestinal Pathology in HIV and AIDS

A

diarrhea
enteritis
colitis
GI bleeding
malabsorption
obstruction

62
Q

Infections of the small intestine can cause malabsorption of ?

A

fat (steatorrhea)
fat-soluble vitamins
protein
vitamin B12
minerals

63
Q

Infections of the large intestine can cause problems absorbing _________

A

water & electrolytes

64
Q

NFPE & Anthropometry for HIV AIDS

Anthropometric data?
NFPE?

A

Ht, Wt, %IBW, %Wt change over time, BMI
TSF, MAMC=> assess fat and lean body stores

Muscle & fat wasting
Functional status
HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS)

65
Q

HIV-associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome (HALS) is associated with:

body shape changes=>_______________

metabolic abnormalities=> ________________

The cause of is multifactorial and includes duration
of HIV infection and duration & type of ______ medications

A

fat deposition on the back of the neck, abdominal area, and around the organs

high TG & LDL-chol; low HDL-chol

ART

66
Q

biochemical data to look at

A

Electrolytes
BUN, creatinine
FPG
LFT’s
CBC
Lipid profile
CD4 count
Viral load

67
Q

Living arrangements
Social/family support
Financial resources
Educational background and health literacy
Substance abuse
Depression, anxiety
Food insecurity

A

Psychosocial & Economic Issues

68
Q

Nutrition History

__________=> Adequacy of diet
_______ history
GI status; ____________ ability
Food allergies & intolerances
Alcohol & caffeine intake
Ability to prepare meals
Available cooking/shopping facilities
Exercise
Supplement use
Use of __________________

A

Usual food intake
Weight
chewing & swallowing
complementary or alternative therapies

69
Q

Complementary/Integrative & Alternative Therapies

A

Concentrated garlic supplements =>can decrease
serum levels of some protease inhibitors

St. John’s Wort=>can decrease serum levels of some
indinavir (PI) and nevirapine (NNRTI)

Probiotic supplements=>used for diarrhea and gut
dysbiosis

70
Q

Must individualize and consider weight and nutrition
status, severity of disease, opportunistic infections, &
comorbidities because there is a _______________ for this population

A

Lack of accurate predictive equations

71
Q

REE may be ________ in PLWHA compared to HIV-negative
individuals

Asymptomatic HIV: REE may be increased by ____

Opportunistic infection: REE may increase by ______

A

higher
10%
20-50%

72
Q

Generalized nutrient recommendations for transgender HIV patients are ____________

__________ kcal/kg calculations may be preferred

Transgender men on androgen therapy=> _______ in LBM and a _________ in body fat

Transgender women on antiandrogens & estrogen
therapy=> __________ in LBM and an _________ in body
fat

A

not yet established
Gender-neutral

increase
decrease

decrease
increase

73
Q

PROTEIN
Consider factors that increase protein requirements=> infections, healing, protein malnutrition, protein-losing enteropathy, comorbidities

Asymptomatic HIV: ________ g/kg BW
Symptomatic patients: ________ g/kg BW

A

1.0-1.4
1.5-2.0

74
Q

FAT

Individualize
_____ for % kcal from fat
Consume <_____ of kcal from SFA
Increase intake of ___________

For individuals with hyperlipidemia or other CVD risk factors=> ____________

If fat malabsorption use ____________

A

DRI
10%
omega-3 fatty acids

heart healthy diet

40 g low fat diet

75
Q

Monitor for potential deficiencies due to:

Inadequate diet
GI losses; __________
Altered _________
_______ interactions

Nutrients of concern: _______________

Provide a MVI with minerals (100% DRI’s), if __________

A

malabsorption
metabolism
Food-drug

vitamins B12, A, E, D, selenium, zinc, & iron

dietary intake is inadequate

76
Q

Fluid & Electrolytes

Individualize

Factors increase fluid requirements:
_______________________

Replace electrolyte losses (e.g., ____)

A

Fever
Vomiting
Diarrhea

K+

77
Q

Goals of MNT

Optimize nutritional status and _________
Maintain a healthy ______
Prevent nutritional deficiencies
Reduce the risk of _________ or treat/manage
Maximize the effectiveness of _________ treatment
Enhance ___

A

immune function
BW & LBM
comorbidities
pharmacologic
QOL

78
Q

Nutrition Education
- Educate on importance of nutrition and maintaining adequate nutritional status

Well-balanced, _______ diet
Emphasize regular physical activity
________ diets as needed
________ management
Food-drug interactions
Potential SE and interactions of herbal or micronutrient supplements
_______ precautions to prevent food-borne illness

A

high protein
Therapeutic
Symptom
Food safety

79
Q

Food Safety Precautions

Avoid _____________
Avoid using _________ eggs
Thaw perishable foods in the_________
Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly
Use only _________ milk
Cook to appropriate temperatures
Store food at appropriate temperature
Adhere to the ___________ on labels
Wash hands before handling food

A

raw protein foods, rare meat
cracked eggs
refrigerator
pasteurized
expiration dates

80
Q

Inadequate Intake

Obtain food preferences
Rx ___________
Focus on _________ foods
Concentrate intake at time of day when _________ and in a pleasant environment
_____________ as needed

Consider home delivered meals
Rx ____________
Consider recommending MD to order __________
May require __________

A

small, frequent meals
nutrient dense
appetite is best
Oral nutrition supplements (ONS)

MVM supplement
appetite stimulants
enteral nutrition

81
Q

MNT for Oral or Esophageal Inflammation or Lesions

___________ foods
Avoid highly ________ and ______ foods & beverages
Avoid hard and salty foods
Avoid ________ extremes
Provide _______ for drinking
Avoid dry foods
Drink liquids _______
______ to numb mouth

A

Soft, moist
seasoned and acidic
temperature
straws
with meals
Popsicles

82
Q

MNT for Dysgeusia

Food preferences
______ foods
Drink fluids ________
Experiment with flavors & seasonings
Alternative sources of _______
Avoid ______ foods
Good ______ care

A

Cold
with meals
protein
canned
mouth

83
Q

MNT for Diarrhea

Adequate _________
__________ meals
Limit _______ fiber and _______ soluble fiber

Limit intake ________, _______, ________
Avoid high _____ foods and spicy foods
Low lactose diet if needed
Reduce intake of _______

A

hydration & electrolytes
Small, frequent
insoluble
increase

sorbitol, caffeine, alcohol
fat
sugars

84
Q

MNT for HIV-associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome (HALS) follows what guidelines ?

A

Follow the American College of Cardiology/American ♡ Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines

n Reduce intake of saturated fat to 5-6% of total
kcal
n Reduce trans-fat to as little as possible
n Increase soluble fiber
n Include omega-3 fatty acids
n Increase physical activity

85
Q

MNT for HIV-associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome (HALS)

Reduce intake of saturated fat to_____ of total kcal
Reduce trans-fat to ________
Increase _______
Include _______ fatty acids
Increase __________

A

5-6%
as little as possible
soluble fiber
omega-3
physical activity

86
Q

Enteral Nutrition used when ___________

Tube placement considerations:
______ of therapy
_________
Avoid nasoenteric tubes if __________

Formulas:
Use _____________ formulas
If fat malabsorption=>__________

A

patient cannot consume adequate nutrition orally

Duration
GI function
painful esophageal lesions

high protein, polymeric
semi-elemental

87
Q

Parenteral Nutrition

Indication=>________
Risk is ________
Must consider risk vs. benefits

A

Severe GI dysfunction
Increased infection risk

Advanced MNT 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions