Hit Parade (ch9-10)

Question 1

acid rain, acid hail, acid snow; all of which occur as a result of pollution in the atmosphere

Answer 1

acid precipitation

Question 2

the effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin

Answer 2

acute effect

Question 3

a platinum-coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.

Answer 3

catalytic converter

Question 4

when materials, such as plastic or aluminum, are used to rebuild the same product. An example of this is the use of the aluminum from aluminum cans to produce more aluminum cans.

Answer 4

closed-loop recycling

Question 5

a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer

Answer 5

composting

Question 6

when the signs and symptoms of an illness can be attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building

Answer 6

building-related illness

Question 7

an effect that results from long-term exposure to low levels of toxin

Answer 7

chronic effect

Question 8

drilling a hole in the ground that’s below the water table to hold waste

Answer 8

deep well injection

Question 9

occurs when infection causes a change in the state of health

Answer 9

disease

Question 10

a process in which an organism is exposed to a toxin at different concentrations, and the dosage that causes the death of the organism is recorded

Answer 10

dose-response analysis

Question 11

the result of graphing a dose-response analysis

Answer 11

dose-response curve

Question 12

the point at which 50 percent o the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin

Answer 12

ED50

Question 13

an intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere

Answer 13

global warming

Question 14

smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal

Answer 14

gray smog (industrial smog)

Question 15

any waste that poses a danger to human health; it must be dealt with in a different way from other types of waste

Answer 15

hazardous waste

Question 16

urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat better than nonurban areas

Answer 16

heat islands

Question 17

radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation

Answer 17

high-level radioactive waste

Question 18

the result of a pathogen invading a body

Answer 18

infection

Question 19

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin

Answer 19

LD50

Question 20

the liquid that percolates to the bottom of a landfill

Answer 20

leachate

Question 21

radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation

Answer 21

low-level radioactive waste

Question 22

any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health

Answer 22

noise pollution

Question 23

pollution that does no have a specific point of release

Answer 23

non-point source pollution

Question 24

when materials are reused to form new products

Answer 24

open-loop recycling

Question 25

the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica (and to some extent, over the Arctic)

Answer 25

ozone holes

Question 26

bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease

Answer 26

pathogens

Question 27

usually formed on hot sunny days when NOx compounds, VOCs, and ozone combine to form smog with a brownish hue

Answer 27

photochemical smog

Question 28

a specific location from which pollution is released; an example of a location is a factory where wood is being burned

Answer 28

point-source pollution

Question 29

any substance that has an LD50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight

Answer 29

poison

Question 30

in a sewage treatment plant, the initial filtration that is done to remove debris such as stones, sticks, rags, toys, and other objects that were flushed down the toilet

Answer 30

physical treatment

Question 31

pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere

Answer 31

primary pollutants

Question 32

when physically treated sewage water is passed into a settling tank, where suspended solids settle out as a sludge, chemically treated polymers may be added to help the suspended solids separate and settle out

Answer 32

primary treatment

Question 33

calculating risk, or the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen

Answer 33

risk assessment

Question 34

using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen)

Answer 34

risk management

Question 35

pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere

Answer 35

secondary pollutants

Question 36

the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste

Answer 36

secondary treatment

Question 37

a condition in which the majority of a building's occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in the building, without being able to identify a specified cause or illness

Answer 37

sick building syndrome

Question 38

the solids that remain after the secondary treatment of sewage

Answer 38

sludge

Question 39

a tank filled with aerobic bacteria that's used to treat sewage

Answer 39

sludge processor

Question 40

can consist of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste, or municipal waste. Many types of solid waste provide a threat to human health and the environment

Answer 40

solid waste

Question 41

non-moving sources of pollution, such as facatories

Answer 41

stationary sources

Question 42

a program funded by the federal government and a trust that's funded by taxes on chemicals; identifies pollutants and cleans up hazardous waste sites

Answer 42

Superfund Program

Question 43

the dosage level of a toxin at which a negative effect occurs

Answer 43

threshold dose

Question 44

the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful

Answer 44

toxicity

Question 45

any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at dosages sufficient to damage a living organism

Answer 45

toxin

Question 46

ozone that exists in the troposphere

Answer 46

tropospheric ozone

Question 47

gave the EPA power to set emission standards for major sources of noise, including transportation, machinery, and construction

Answer 47

US Noise Control Act

Question 48

the carrier organism through which pathogens can attack, such as a tick

Answer 48

vector

Question 49

any water that has been used by humans. This includes human sewage, water drained from showers, tubs, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, water from industrial processes, and storm water runoff

Answer 49

wastewater

Question 50

when the energy released from waste incineration is used to generate electricity

Answer 50

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program

Question 51

a fiscal policy that lowers taxes on income, including wages and profit, and raises taxes on consumption, particularly the unsustainable consumption of non-renewable resources

Answer 51

green tax

Question 52

when companies are allowed to buy permits that allow them a certain amount of discharge of substances into certain environmental outlets. If they can reduce their amount of discharge, they are allowed to sell the remaining portion of their permit to another company.

Answer 52

market permits