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APES > Hit Parade (Ch4) > Flashcards

Hit Parade (Ch4) Flashcards

1
Q

a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife

A

wetland

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2
Q

the gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors

A

weathering

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3
Q

the day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation mediated by the atmosphere in a given region

A

weather

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4
Q

countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000 - 2,000 m^3 per person

A

water-stressed

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5
Q

countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m^3 per person

A

water-scarce

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6
Q

the region draining into a river system or other body of water

A

watershed

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7
Q

an opening in the earth’s crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected

A

volcanoes

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8
Q

a process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters form the ocean depths rise to the surface

A

upwelling

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9
Q

a cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 to 121 km (30 to 75 miles) per hour

A

tropical storm

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10
Q

boundaries at which plates are moving past each other, sideways

A

transform boundary (aka transform faults)

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11
Q

the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the earth’s surface, as part of Hadley cells

A

trade winds

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12
Q

the A horizon of soil is often referred to as this and is most important for plant growth

A

topsoil

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13
Q

the outermost shell of the atmosphere, between the mesosphere and outer space, where temperatures increase steadily with altitude

A

thermosphere

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14
Q

a layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is abrupt

A

thermocline

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15
Q

in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate

A

subduction zone

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16
Q

the atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Nino and cooling of La Nina

A

Southern Oscillation

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17
Q

soil with particles .002-.05 mm in diameter

A

silt

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18
Q

the coarsest soil, with particles .05-2.0mm in diameter

A

sand

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19
Q

occurs when soil becomes waterlogged from excess irrigation and then dries out. As the water evaporates, the salt crystallizes and forms a layer on the soil surface. This excess of salt prevents the growth of plants

A

salinization

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20
Q

the right, as to fishing or to the use of a riverbed, of one who owns riparian land (the land adjacent to a river or stream)

A

riparian right

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21
Q

the bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil

A

R horizon

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22
Q

a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyamlax produce toxins that kill fish and contaminate shellfish

A

red tide

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23
Q

the low-rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountian range. This rain shadow effect is the result of the mountain range’s causing precipitation on the windward side

A

rain shadow effect

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24
Q

when water rights are given to those who ave historically used the water in a certain area

A

prior appropriation

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25
Q

the edges of tectonic plates

A

plate boundaries

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26
Q

any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water

A

physical (mechanical) weathering

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27
Q

the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms

A

O horizon

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28
Q

a wind system that influences large climatic regions and reverses direction seasonally

A

monsoon

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29
Q

the cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region or country; a single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension

A

monoculture

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30
Q

the layer of the earth between the crust and the core

A

mantle

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31
Q

soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter

A

loam

32
Q

the outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km (62 miles) thick

A

lithosphere

33
Q

a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other weather patterns

A

La Nina

34
Q

deterioration of land quality (topsoil, organisms, vegetation, water quality), usually caused by its exploitation

A

land degradation

35
Q

a high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 miles)

A

jet stream

36
Q

the delivery rate of solar radiation per unit of horizontal surface

A

insolation

37
Q

the molten core of the earth

A

inner core

38
Q

a severe tropical storm originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, that travels north, northwest, or northeast, from its point of origin, and usually involves high speed winds and heavy rains

A

hurricane (typhoon, cyclone)

39
Q

the dark, crumbly, nutrient-rich material that results from the decomposition of organic material, which is also a product of composting organic waste

A

humus

40
Q

a layer of soil

A

horizon

41
Q

the water from which a river rises; a source

A

headwaters

42
Q

a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation that creates major weather patterns, predominately in tropical and subtropical regions

A

Hadley cell

43
Q

the phenomenon whereby the earth’s atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth’s surfave

A

greenhouse effect

44
Q

the time after the Industrial Revolution when farming became mecanized and crop yields in industrialized nations boomed as farmers began using large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

A

Green Revolution

45
Q

the place where two tectonic plates abut each other

A

fault

46
Q

the part of the wide lower course of a river where its current is met by the tides

A

estuary

47
Q

the process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water. It moves the smaller particles first and hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier texture

A

erosion

48
Q

a climate varation that takes place in the tropical pacific about every 3 to 7 years, for a duration of about one year

A

el nino

49
Q

the result of vibrations that release energy from within the earth. They often occur as two plates slide past one another at a transform boundary

A

earthquake

50
Q

the result of chemical interaction with the bedrock that is typical of the action of both water and atmospheric gases

A

chemical weathering

51
Q

a soil horizon; made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering

A

C horizon

52
Q

the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than .002 mm in diameter

A

clay

53
Q

weather conditions, especially temperature and precipitation, that remain constant over 30 years or more

A

climate

54
Q

the trasmission or conveying of something through a medium or passage, especiallly the transmission of electric charge or heat through a conducting medium without perceptible motion of the medium itself

A

conduction

55
Q

the vertical movement of a mass of matter because of heating and cooling; this can happen in both the atmosphere and Earth’s mantle

A

convection

56
Q

air currents caused by the vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating and cooling

A

convection currents

57
Q

a plate boundary where two plates are moving toward each other

A

convergent boundary

58
Q

an erosion-resistant marine ridge or mound consisting chiefly of compacted coral together with algal material and biochemically deposited magnesium and calcium carbonates

A

coral reef

59
Q

the observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere, and leftward in the Southern Hemisphere, as away from the equator

A

Coriolis effect

60
Q

the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land to replenish soil nutrients - for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn

A

crop rotation

61
Q

a usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river

A

delta

62
Q

a plate boundary at which plates are moving away from each other. This causes an upwelling of magma from the mantle to cool and form new crust

A

divergent boundary

63
Q

a region of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, light winds, or squalls

A

doldrums

64
Q

a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant

A

drip irrigation

65
Q

related to factors or things that are separate and independent from living things; nonliving

A

abiotic

66
Q

any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Also, a water solution that contains a surplus of hydrogen ions

A

acid

67
Q

enourmous bodies of air that move as a unit

A

air mass

68
Q

a soil horizon; the layer below the O horizon. It is formed of weathered rock, with some organic material; often referred to as topsoil

A

A horizon

69
Q

a basic substance; chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions; in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water

A

alkaline

70
Q

an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. They are frequently tapped for wells

A

aquifer

71
Q

land that’s fit to be cultivated

A

arable

72
Q

the part of the mantle that lies just below the lithosphere

A

asthenosphere

73
Q

the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body - especially the one surrounding the earth which is retained by the celestial body’s gravitational field

A

atmosphere

74
Q

a long, relatively narrow island running parallel to the mainland, built by the action of waves and currents and serving to protect the coast form erosion by surf and tidal surges

A

barrier island

75
Q

any weathering that’s caused by the activities of living organisms

A

biological weathering

76
Q

living or derived from living things

A

biotic

77
Q

a soil horizon; it recieves the minerals and organic materials that are leached out of the A horizon

A

B horizon

APES (17 decks)

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