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APES > Hit Parade (Ch5) > Flashcards

Hit Parade (Ch5) Flashcards

1
Q

the production of ammonia or ammonium compounds in the decomposition of organic matter, especially through the action of bacteria

A

ammonification

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2
Q

the process in which plants absorb ammonium (NH3), ammonia ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3) through their roots

A

assimilation

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3
Q

producers; organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds. They use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances

A

autotroph

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4
Q

the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism

A

bioaccumulation

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5
Q

true extermination of a species. There are no individuals of this species left on the planet

A

biological extinction

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6
Q

the process by which the concentration of toxic substances increases in each successive link in the food chain

A

biomagnification

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7
Q

the part of the earth and its atmosphere where living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.

A

biosphere

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8
Q

an animal that only consumes other animals

A

carnivore

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9
Q

an organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds, as opposed to photosynthesis

A

chemotroph (chemoautotroph)

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10
Q

a stable, mature, community in a successive series that has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages and adapted to its environment

A

climax community

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11
Q

the process of burning

A

combustion

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12
Q

a few individuals exist but the effort needed to locate and harvest them is not worth the expense

A

commercial or economic extinction

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13
Q

formed from populations of different species occupying the same geographic area

A

community

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14
Q

the process that occurs when two different species in a region compete and the better adapted species wins.

A

competitive exclusion

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15
Q

an organism that must obtain food energy from secondary sources, for example, by eating plant or animal matter

A

consumer

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16
Q

bacteria or fungi that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter like plant material, the wastes of living organisms, and corpses. They convert these materials into inorganic forms.

A

decomposer

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17
Q

the process by which specialized bacteria (mostly anaerobic bacteria) convert ammonia to NO3, NO2, and N2 and release it back to the atmosphere

A

denitrification

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18
Q

organisms that derive energy from consuming nonliving organic matter, such as dead animals or fallen leaves. Earthworms and many species of fungi are detritivores.

A

detritivore

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19
Q

there are so few individuals of a species that this species can no longer perform its ecological function

A

ecological extinction

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20
Q

transition in species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community; the establishment of a biological community in any area virtually barren of life

A

ecological succession

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21
Q

the condition in which, at ecosystem boundaries, there is greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities

A

edge effect

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22
Q

the structure obtained if we organize the amount of energy contained in producers and consumers in an ecosystem by kilocalories per square meter, from largest to smallest

A

energy pyramid

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23
Q

to convert or change into a vapor

A

evaporation

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24
Q

change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals and resulting in the development of new species

A

evolution

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25
Q

the death of an entire species; permanent inactivity

A

extinction

26
Q

a succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member, and, in turn, is preyed upon by a higher member

A

food chain

27
Q

a complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community

A

food web

28
Q

states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time, and that the species that is less fit to live in the environment will either relocate, die out, or occupy a smaller niche

A

Gause’s principle

29
Q

the amount of sugar that the plants produce in photosynthesis, and subtracting from it the amount of energy the plants need for growth, maintenance, repair, and reproduction

A

Gross Primary Productivity

30
Q

the area or environment where an organism or ecological community normally lives or occurs

A

habitat

31
Q

when the size of an organism’s natural habitat is reduced, or when development occurs that isolates a habitat

A

habitat fragmentation

32
Q

an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition

A

heterotroph

33
Q

species that originate and live, or occur naturally, in an area or environment

A

indigenous species

34
Q

an introduced, nonnative species

A

invasive species

35
Q

a species whose very presence contributes to an ecosystem’s diversity and whose extinction would consequently lead to the extinction of other forms of life

A

keystone species

36
Q

states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed

A

Law of Conservation of Matter

37
Q

a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefti

A

mutualism

38
Q

the process by which, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution, only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations, while those less adapted tend to be eliminated

A

natural selection

39
Q

the amount of energy that plants pass on to the community of herbivores in an ecosystem

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

40
Q

the total sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

A

niche

41
Q

the process in which soil bacteria convert ammonium (NH4+) to a form that can be used by plants; nitrate, or NO3.

A

nitrification

42
Q

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds, such as ammonia, by natural agencies or various industrial processes

A

nitrogen fixation

43
Q

organisms that consume both producers and primary consumers

A

omnivores

44
Q

a symbiotic relationship in which one member is helped by the association and the other is harmed

A

parasitism

45
Q

the process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms release oxygen as a byproduct

A

photosynthesis

46
Q

organisms in the first stages of succession

A

pioneer species

47
Q

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area

A

population

48
Q

when one species feeds on another

A

predation

49
Q

this category includes organisms that consume producers (plants and algae)

A

primary consumers

50
Q

when ecological succession begins in a virtually lifeless area, such as the area behind a moving glacier

A

primary succession

51
Q

an organism that is capable of converting radiant energy or chemical energy into carbohydrates

A

producer

52
Q

when a species occupies a smaller niche than it would in the absence of competition

A

realized niche

53
Q

a place where a large quantity of a resource sits for a long period of time

A

reservoir

54
Q

the process in which animals (and plants!) breathe and give off carbon dioxide from cellular metabolism

A

respiration

55
Q

the amount of time a resource spends in a reservoir or an exchange pool

A

residency time

56
Q

organisms that consume primary consumers

A

secondary consumers

57
Q

organisms that are capable of breeding with one another and incapable of breeding with other ones

A

species

58
Q

close, prolonged associations between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but do not necessarily, benefit the members

A

symbiotic relationships

59
Q

organisms that consume secondary consumers or other of these consumers

A

tertiary consumers

60
Q

the act or process of transpiring, or releasing water vapor, especially through the stomata of plant tissue or the pores of the skin

A

transpiration

61
Q

each of the feeding levels in a food chain

A

trophic level

APES (17 decks)

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