HISTORYYY OF MEDICINE 1700-1900

Question 1

Edward Jenner. 7 points.

Answer 1

1. Smallpox vaccination
2. 1796 Carried out experiment on James Phipps in.
3. Made link between smallpox and cowpox.
4. Impact hindered due to lack of proof and a lot of people were against vaccination.
5. 1802 Approved and funded by parliament .
6. 1840 Free for infants.
7. 1853 Compulsory for infants.

Question 2

Louis Pasteur. 7 points.

Answer 2

1. 1857 Employed by the french alcohol industry to find solution or souring during fermentation.
2. 1861 Germ theory. argued germs cause decay not vice versa.
3. 1864 Pasteurisation.
4. 1867 proved link between germs and disease demonstrating germs cause disease in silkworms.
5. 1877 inspired by Koch to discover and combat new microbes.
6. 1880 made a vaccine for chickens against cholera from a weakened (attenuated) cholera culture.
7. 1881 Pasteur’s team held a public experiment showing
   a vaccine for sheep against anthrax using an attenuated version of anthrax. They used this same method for a rabies vaccination.

Question 3

Robert Koch. 6 points.

Answer 3

1. Built on Pasteur’s work.
2. 1876 discovered anthrax bacteria.
3. 1878 discovered bacteria that caused septicaemia.
4. 1882 discovered tuberculosis bacteria.
5. 1883 discovered cholera bacteria.
6. Other scientists used Koch’s methods to discover and combat other bacteria.

Question 4

Paul Ehrlich. 2 points

Answer 4

1. Magic Bullet. Chemicals that target specific bacteria or disease and do not harm the rest of the body.
2. 1909 Found magic bullet for syphilis Salvarsan 606.

Question 5

Florence Nightingale. 4 points.

Answer 5

1. 1854 arrived in Scutari hospital with 38 nurses.
2. Made sure all the wards were clean and hygienic and patients were fed properly.
3. Improved death rate to 2% from 42%.
4. Public raised £44,000 to help her train nurses. She set up the Nightingale School of Nursing. by 1900 64000 nurses were trained.

Question 6

Joseph Lister. 3 points.

Answer 6

1. Early 1860’s used carbolic acid spray in theatre to reduce infection rates.
2. Heard about Germ Theory in 1865’s he started using carbolic instruments and bandages.
3. The use of antiseptic reduced death rates from as high as 50% in 1864-1866 to 15% in 1867-1870.

Question 7

Edward Chadwick. 3 points.

Answer 7

1. 1842. published report on living conditions. This report showed that living conditions in towns were worse for health than in the country.
2. The report also suggested there should be laws passed for tax funded drainage and sewage reforms.
3. 1848 the report and cholera epidemic put pressure on government to pass the 1848 Public Health Act.

Question 8

John Snow. 1 point.

Answer 8

1. 1854 backed u his theory that cholera was waterborne.

Question 9

Joseph Bazalgette.

Answer 9

1. 1859 appointed to build a new London sewer system.

2. 1865 sewer system opened.

Question 10

Joseph Chamberlain.

Answer 10

1. 1875 because of the 1875 Public Health Act. Chamberlain (the mayor of Birmingham) cleared a an area of slums and replaced them with good housing. he also improved some slum housing.
2. Persuaded the city authorities to buy the local gas and water companies.