History of Nursing Flashcards
Instinctive or Untaught largely based on common sense based on effects of past experience, not based on scientific training or formal education
Intuitive Nursing
Nursing was a function that belonged to __________, especially in nomadic tribes.
women
- Evil Invasion
- Voodoo or Black Magic
Illness
- Witch Doctor/Medicine Man
- Has White Magic (Healing Power)
Shaman
- Hole drilled in skull via rock or stone without
anesthesia
Trephination
★ Roots of western civilization
★ Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and
Mohammedanism
NURSING IN THE NEAR EAST
Metropolis of the near east
BABYLONIA
Ruler from 1945 B.C to 1902 B.C
King Hammurabi
Babylonian legal text excavated on 1849
★ Provided laws that covered every facet of babylonian life including medical practice
CODE OF HAMMURABI
TRUE OR FALSE:
In the era of Babylonia, there was a mention of nursing
FALSE
There was no mention of nursing in Babylonia
Where embalming was introduced
There was a record of over 250 diseases
EGYPT
Embalming is also know as __________
Mummification
TRUE OR FALSE:
In Egypt, there was no mention of nursing
TRUE
● Strongly believes in spirits and demons
● Prohibition dissection of the dead human body
CHINA
★ Prescribed methods for treating wounds, infection and muscular afflictions.
★ Study of the action of drugs on healthy humans.
Materia Medica (Pharmacology)
TRUE OR FALSE:
In China, there was no mention of nursing but they presumed males as in charge of nursing the sick
FALSE
They presumed FEMALES as in charge of nursing the sick
● Men of medicine built hospitals
● Practice intuitive form of asepsis
INDIA
Absence of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Asepsis
● Proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery. ➔ Nursing was first mentioned in this era, by the first lay brothers or the priest nurses
INDIA
★ Made a list of functions and qualifications of
nurses.
★ Priest-nurses are described as a combination
of pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists
and cooks.
Sushurutu/Susruta
Contributed to the decline of medical practice
when the religion itself fell in this era.
Buddhism
● Nursing was task of untrained slave
● Women were considered inferior to men.
GREECE
Father of Medicine in Greek Mythology
Aesculapius
- Symbol of identity of medical profession today
- Composed of the staff travelers intertwined with 2 serpents
Caduceus
★ Father of Medicine in Reality
- Was given the title father of medicine due to his notable contributions to medical practice.
- Developed philosophy of medicine and practiced medical ethics.
- Rejected the belief that the origin of disease could be found in the supernatural.
- Did not entrust care of the sick to untrained lay persons but to medical students; so the role of nurses wasn’t also mentioned.
Hippocrates
● In this era, Illness was considered a sign of weakness.
● Care of the sick was left to the slaves and Greek physicians
● Converted to christianity and left their pleasure-seeking like, and some chose to take good care of the seek (ex. Story of Fabiola)
ROME
➔ Beginning of Organized Nursing
➔ Built hospitals were staffed by religious orders who dedicated their lives to the care of the patients
APPRENTICE NURSING
APPRENTICE NURSING is the period of “__________”.
“On-the-job training”
● Established hospitals were staffed with men who served as nurses for those who were wounded in war
THE CRUSADERS
The CRUSADERS considered their time as the __________ during which the christian soldiers fought to recapture the holy land from the muslims.
“Holy Wars”
● Found in Rhodes, Malta
● Teutonic Knights
- Fought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded.
★ Tent nursing for wounded
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
Fought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded.
Teutonic Knights
Established hospitals primarily for nursing of the lepers
KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS
● Founded in 1384
● Established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School
of Nursing in Chicago
- Largest school of nursing under religious auspices. exclusively for men in the U.S
● Closed in 1969
ALEXIAN BROTHERS
Established by the ALEXIAN BROTHERS
Alexian Brothers Hospital School
of Nursing in Chicago
Largest school of nursing under religious auspices. exclusively for men in the U.S
Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago
● Founded by queens, princesses, and other royal ladies.
★ Rise of Secular Orders - Augustinians
- Poor Clares
- Beguines
- Benedictines - Ursulines
- Tertiaries
RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDERS
● Located in Paris
★ It is where Augustinian nurses nursed patients
HOTEL DIEU
TRUE OR FALSE:
In Paris, the hospitals were poorly ventilated and the beds were filthy. Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis were non-existent.
TRUE
Arose in the 12th to 16th Century
NURSING SAINTS
● Founder of the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
● Took care of the sick particularly the lepers in the convent of San Damiano
ST. CLARE (1194-1253)
★ The first to be called “Lady with a lamp” before Florence Nightingale.
● Nursed patients in the hospital of Santa Maria de la Scala and in their homes.
ST. CATHERINE OF SIENNA (1347-1380)
● Organized the works of charity to have directions
● LA CHARITE
- an organization of women
● Founder of the “The Community of the Sisters
Charity” a charity dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed.
VINCENT DE PAUL
An organization of women
LA CHARITE
● Founded by VINCENT DE PAUL
● A charity dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed.
“The Community of the Sisters Charity”
★ She was also known as de MARILLAC
● Co-foundress and the first superior of the charity.
LOUISE DE GRAS
● An era that gave arise to some violent conflicts
● Contributed to the rise of protestantism.
THE REFORMATION
- Head of the Reformation Movement
- Initiated significant changes in the church and society to counteract some abuses
Martin Luther King