Health and Illness Flashcards
4 Major Attributes of Human Beings
1.) Capacity to think or conceptualize on the __________
2.) __________
3.) Tendency to seek and maintain a __________
4.) The ability to use ________ as language, a means of developing and maintaining ________.
(1) abstract level
(2) Family Formation
(3) territory
(4) verbal symbols / culture
● Man is both an open and closed system.
● Man is different from & more than the sum of his parts.
● Responds to environmental stimuli
MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING
TRUE OF FALSE
MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING normally responds as series of integral parts
FALSE
As a biological being, man resonds as a UNIFIED WHOLE
● Man is composed of subsystems that act as a unified whole.
● Man is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment.
OPEN SYSTEM
● Man is self-sufficient. He uses up his energy reserves; doing so, he eventually fails to function and disintegrates.
● The interrelatedness & interdependence of man’s subsystems facilitate the energy-matter exchange.
CLOSED SYSTEM
TRUE OR FALSE:
In a closed system, Man is an energy unit. His energy is limitless
FALSE
Man’s energy is NOT LIMITLESS. It must be continuously replenished as soon as it is utilized.
● Man is a unique irreplaceable being.
● Capable of rational, logical thinking but can be illogical and irrational when provoked.
● Man is capable of relating with others.
MAN AS A PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING
● The unity of man in body, mind and spirit.
● Intellect - Allows man to look for the truth
● Will - Expresses man’s own wishes, desire or longing to do what he has set his mind to do
MAN AS A SPIRITUAL BEING
Allows man to look for the truth
Intellect
Expresses man’s own wishes, desire or longing to do what he has set his mind to do
Will
● Are something that is essential to the emotional and physiologic health and survival of a human.
● May be met, partially met, or unmet
MAN AS A HUMAN BEING WITH NEEDS
Can result in disruption of normal body activities and lead to illness
Unmet Needs
Something is a basic need if:
1.) Its absence results to ________
2.) Its presence signals or prevents ________
3.) Meeting an ________ restores health
(1) illness
(2) health
(3) unmet need
★ Biological requirements for human survival
★ If these needs are not met, the human body cannot function optimally
★ Considered as the most important level.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
★ Safety needs can be fulfilled by our families and society
★ Requires the physiological needs to be met
SAFETY NEEDS
★ Involves social needs and feelings of belongingness
★ The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behavior
★ Requires the physiological and safety needs to be met
LOVE/BELONGING NEEDS
★ Contains self-esteem and respect from others/reputation
★ Requires the physiological, safety, and love/belonging needs to be met
ESTEEM NEEDS
★ Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
★ Requires the physiological and safety needs to be met
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
TRUE OR FALSE
The ability to be objective is one of the qualities that indicate achievement of one’s potential
TRUE
Health is a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent.
Nightingale
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
WHO, 1940
Health is a dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible.
ANA, 1980
Health is a dynamic process, which continually changes as the interactions between individuals and their internal & external environmental change.
Brill & Kilts, 1980
● Is a state of well-being
● Aspects include self-responsibility, goal, dynamic process, daily decision-making, and whole being
● Engages in attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential
WELLNESS
DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS
● __________
● __________
● __________
● __________
● __________
● __________
● __________
● PHYSICAL DIMENSION
● SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
● INTELLECUAL DIMENSION
● ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
● SOCIAL DIMENSION
● OCCUPATIONAL DIMENSION
● EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
★ Physical strength, health, nutrition, and exercise.
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
★ Principles, values, or a set of guiding beliefs to seek meaning and purpose in life.
★ Does not have to be religion
★ Belief in a higher power
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
★ Creative and stimulating mental activities to increase knowledge.
INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION
★ Cleanliness of our surroundings.
★ Clean water, enough food, & clean air
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
★ Fostering relationships with others and contributing to society.
SOCIAL DIMENSION
★ Making use of skills and talents to gain purpose, happiness, and enrichment in life.
OCCUPATIONAL DIMENSION
★ Positive feeling of self & enthusiasm towards life.
EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
★ A highly personal state
★ Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished
★ Can be Acute (Short Duration) or Chronic (Long Duration)
ILLNESS
★ An alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span
DISEASE
The causation of a disease
Etiology
The coping behaviour that involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms take remedial actions and use the health care system.
ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
TRUE OR FALSE:
Rights:
★ Clients are held liable for their condition.
★ Clients are not excused from certain societal roles and tasks.
FALSE
★ Clients are NOT HELD LIABLE for their condition.
★ Clients are EXCUSED from certain societal roles and tasks.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Obligations:
★ Clients are obligated to try to get well as quickly as possible.
★ Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help,
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
In Stages of Illness, all clients progress through each stage
FALSE
NOT ALL clients progress through each stage
★ Person comes to believe something is wrong
★ Consults others about the symptoms or feelings
★ Individuals may try home remedies
STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES
★ Three aspects of Symptom Experiences:
1.) The __________ of symptoms
2.) The __________ (interpretation of symptoms)
3.) The __________
(1) physical experience
(2) cognitive aspect
(3) emotional response
★ Individual accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends.
★ Self-treatment and delaying contact with health care professional as long as possible
★ Emotional responses like withdrawal, anxiety, fear, and depression are not uncommon
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
★ Sick individuals seek the advice of a health professional either on their own initiative or at the urging of significant others.
★ Health professionals may determine that the client does not have an illness or an illness is present.
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
★ In the Medical Care Contract, clients ask for 3 types of information:
1.) __________ of Illness
2.) __________ of the symptoms
3.) __________ that they will be alright or prediction of what the outcome will be.
(1) Validation
(2) Explanation
(3) Reassurance
★ The client becomes dependent on the professional for health
★ Most clients accept their dependence on the primary care provider, while retaining varying degrees of control over their lives.
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE
★ The client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities.
★ Clients who have long-term illnesses and must adjust their lifestyles may find recovery more difficult.
STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION
● Individuals are viewed as physiologic systems with related functions
● Health is the stage of being free of signs and symptoms of disease
● Illness is the presence of signs and symptoms of disease
CLINICAL MODEL
● Health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles
● Role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations
ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
● Health is a creative process
● Disease is a failure in adaptation
● Extreme Good health is the flexible adaptation to the environment and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage
● Focus of the model is stability, with an element of growth and change
ADAPTIVE MODEL
● Health is a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential
● Illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization
● Actualization is the apex of the fully developed personality, described by Abraham Maslow.
EUDAIMONISTIC MODEL
● Aka the Ecological Model
● Used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness
● Has three dynamic interactive elements
AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENT MODEL
The three dynamic interactive elements AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENT MODEL:
1.) __________ - Environmental factors/stressor that by presence or absence can lead to disease
2.) __________ - Person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease
3.) __________ - All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the individual to the development of disease.
(1) Agent
(2) Host
(3) Environment
● Used to measure an individual’s perceived level of wellness
● Individuals move back and forth day by day
HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
● Health axis ranges from wellness to death
● Environmental axis ranges from a very favorable environment to a very unfavorable one.
DUNN’S HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
● Illustrates two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point
● High level wellness (awareness, education, growth)
● Premature death (disability, symptoms, signs)
● Movement to the right indicates increasing levels of health and well-being, which involve the three steps of wellness: awareness, education, and growth.
ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM BY TRAVIS
● The inner self interacts and engages with the system in the outer layer.
● The outer self consists of the environment, culture, nutrition, safety, and many other elements.
4+ MODEL OF WELLNESS
● Proposed a health brief model intended to predict which individuals would or would not use preventive measures
● Is based on the assumption that health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors:
1.) Sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important
2.) Belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its consequences
3.) Belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial
ROSENSTOCK AND BECKER’S HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
● The individual’s current state of health, be it one of disease or vitality, is just like the tip of an iceberg.
ICEBERG MODEL
In the Iceberg Model, There are three stages that are not visible:
1.) __________
- Things we do
- Lifestyle choices
2.) __________
- Why we do things
- Reason for lifestyle choices
3.) __________
- Mystical & mysterious and everything else in the unconscious mind.
- Concerns such as issues as your reason for being.
(1) Lifestyle / Behavioral Level
(2) Psychological / Motivational Level
(3) Spiritual / Being / Meaning Realm
