History of English - W04 Flashcards
1
Q
Today’s Countries with Germanic Language
A
- Germany
- Denmark
- Austria
- Holland
- Switzerland (Part of)
- Norway
- Iceland
- Luxenburg
- Belgium (Flamish + German - French)
- Ireland
2
Q
Old English links with IE family
- Celtic
A
—subtrate—
Goidelic/Gaelic Celts
Cymric/Brythonic (Brittonic) Celts
3
Q
Old English links with IE family
- Germanic
A
—Superstrate—
Proto-Germanic (West/North)
4
Q
Germanic Family
A
- North = Scandinavian
- West = English Germans
- East = Gothic (disappeared M-A)
5
Q
First Language Group Studied by Linguist
A
Germanic Language Group
6
Q
Common Source for Languages
(Assumptions)
A
- Extensive similarities (form + meaning) = not chance.
- Sounds Changes = Regular and Widespread
- Allows Cognate Sets
7
Q
Cognate Sets
A
Forms of the same word existing independently in different languages
8
Q
Sir William Jones
A
1746-1794
- IE theory proposition
- First to say: Latin and Greek (+ Old Persian, Gothic and Celtic) = Not the first languages
9
Q
Jacob Grimm
A
- German
- Fairy tales w/ Wilhelm
- First Historical Grammar
- Demonstrates relationship of Germanic langs. / Other IE
- Grimm’s Law
10
Q
Grimm’s Law
A
- Demonst. Systematic Correspondences b/w
certain consonants Germanic vs. non-Germanic IE lgs
- IE stops underwent complete trans. in Germanic
11
Q
Grimm’s Law (date)
A
1822
12
Q
Grimm’s Law (3 Stops Changes)
A
- I. Voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives
- II. Voiced stops to voiceless stops
- III. Voiced aspirated stops to voiced stops
13
Q
Verner’s Law (Date)
A
(1876)
14
Q
Verner’s Law (purpose)
A
- Explain irregularities of grimm’s law
(p,t,k) become voiced (not voiceless) fricatives
15
Q
Verner’s Law Conditions
A
- Not initial sound
- Between 2 Voiced Sounds (gen. vowels)
- Previous syllable not stress in IE
