History of English - W04

Question 1

Today’s Countries with Germanic Language

Answer 1

• Germany
• Denmark
• Austria
• Holland
• Switzerland (Part of)
• Norway
• Iceland
• Luxenburg
• Belgium (Flamish + German - French)
• Ireland

Question 2

Old English links with IE family

• Celtic

Answer 2

—subtrate—

Goidelic/Gaelic Celts

Cymric/Brythonic (Brittonic) Celts

Question 3

Old English links with IE family

• Germanic

Answer 3

—Superstrate—

Proto-Germanic (West/North)

Question 4

Germanic Family

Answer 4

• North = Scandinavian
• West = English Germans
• East = Gothic (disappeared M-A)

Question 5

First Language Group Studied by Linguist

Answer 5

Germanic Language Group

Question 6

Common Source for Languages

(Assumptions)

Answer 6

• Extensive similarities (form + meaning) = not chance.
• Sounds Changes = Regular and Widespread
• Allows Cognate Sets

Question 7

Cognate Sets

Answer 7

Forms of the same word existing independently in different languages

Question 8

Sir William Jones

Answer 8

1746-1794

• IE theory proposition
• First to say: Latin and Greek (+ Old Persian, Gothic and Celtic) = Not the first languages

Question 9

Jacob Grimm

Answer 9

• German
• Fairy tales w/ Wilhelm
• First Historical Grammar
• Demonstrates relationship of Germanic langs. / Other IE
• Grimm’s Law

Question 10

Grimm’s Law

Answer 10

• Demonst. Systematic Correspondences b/w

certain consonants Germanic vs. non-Germanic IE lgs

• IE stops underwent complete trans. in Germanic

Question 11

Grimm’s Law (date)

Answer 11

1822

Question 12

Grimm’s Law (3 Stops Changes)

Answer 12

• I. Voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives
• II. Voiced stops to voiceless stops
• III. Voiced aspirated stops to voiced stops

Question 13

Verner’s Law (Date)

Answer 13

(1876)

Question 14

Verner’s Law (purpose)

Answer 14

• Explain irregularities of grimm’s law

(p,t,k) become voiced (not voiceless) fricatives

Question 15

Verner’s Law Conditions

Answer 15

1. Not initial sound
2. Between 2 Voiced Sounds (gen. vowels)
3. Previous syllable not stress in IE

Question 16

Historical Phonetics (usefulness)

Answer 16

Allows to date changes

Question 17

If Change in All Languages of a Family

means

Answer 17

They were not separated (geographically)

Question 18

Phonetic Laws are Historical

Answer 18

• Synchronic
• Not Universal

Question 19

Cognates

Answer 19

• All continuation from a single original word
• Similar not necesary identical (meaning)
• Form may vary greatly over time

Question 20

Cognates vs. Borrowed Words

Answer 20

• Cognates = Natural Evolution
• Borrowed Words = Creations

Question 21

Lexical types

Answer 21

• derivation
• conversion
• compounding
• borrowing

Question 22

Lexical Derivation

Answer 22

• Affixation
• root + aff. = new word

Question 23

Lexical Conversion

Answer 23

• take Noun make Verb= totally diff. word

Question 24

Lexical Compounding

Answer 24

Creation of a new word

• 2 Word stuck together

Question 25

Lexical Borrowing

Answer 25

Word Borrowed (e. g. Entrée(Eng) = Entrée(Fr) Borrowing) (e. g. Entry(Eng) = Entrée(Fr) Cognate)