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2 - History of English > History of English - W03 > Flashcards

History of English - W03 Flashcards

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1
Q

Methods of Classifying Languages

A
  • Word Order Typology
  • Morphological Typology
  • Genetic Typologies
  • Motion Verb Typologies
  • Tone / Stress Typologies
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2
Q

Classifyng Languages (focus)

A
  • Morphological
  • Genetic
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3
Q

Word Order Typology

A

SVO

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4
Q

Motion Verb Typology

A

He swims across the river

Il traverse la rivière à la nage

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5
Q

Tone/Stress Typology

A
  • Modern French Always Stress Final Syllable
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6
Q

Pure Language

A
  • No Such Thing
  • All languages are Mixed or Unconscious
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7
Q

Definition (Morphological Classification)

A
  • Structural Similarities (Based)
  • Universal Features (Based)
  • Types of Morpheme
  • Word-Formation System
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8
Q

Word-Formation Systems (Morphological Class.)

A
  • Inflectional
  • Agglutinative
  • Isolating
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9
Q

Inflectional (Morphological Class - Word-Formation System)

A
  • Inseparable inflections Fused with Lexical Stems
  • Word Ending with Lexical Stems
    (e. g. love + d, s, ing)
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10
Q

Agglutinative (Morpho. Class. - Word Formation System)

A
  • Affixes added to Lexical Stems (little change)
  • Transparent Arrangement
    (e. g. daKatzar - Basque ‘I Bring Them)
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11
Q

Isolating (Morpho. Class. - Word Formation System)

A
  • Opposite of Agglutiative
  • Every Morpheme is a Seperate Word
  • Monosyllabic
  • No affixes
  • No Inflection
  • Grammatical info = articles, prep., conjonction.
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12
Q

English Typological Classification

A

Mixture of 3

  • Inflectional
  • Agglutinative
  • Isolating
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13
Q

English as

Inflectional Language

A

the morpheme -S- coombines 4 types of Grammatical Info.

  • Singular
  • Plural
  • Indicative
  • Third Person
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14
Q

English as

Agglutinative

A

Meaning of Derivational Morphemes Transparent

e. g. un- = not
- ly = adjectival
- ness = abstract noun

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15
Q

English as

isolating

A
  • Elements = Seperate Words
  • Word Order relatively Rigid
    e. g. articles, prep., neg. words, will
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16
Q

Genetic classification is a theory of….

A

Common Origin

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17
Q

Genetic Classification

A

Observed Resemblances bw Languages

Languages = Laws of Evolution – Common Ancestor

  • languages displaying systematic differences must descend from a common source
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18
Q

Which Morphological Classification Type is Synthetic

A

Agglutinative

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19
Q

Which Morphological Classification Type is Analytic

A

Isolating

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20
Q

Built Comparatives (definition)

A

Word Built for comparison

e.g. - More Important, - Bigger

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21
Q

Built Comparatives

  • Analytic (EXEMPLE)
A

More important

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22
Q

Built Comparatives

  • Synthetic (EXEMPLE)
A

Bigger

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23
Q

Polysynthetic

(What to know)

A

Not in European Languages

24
Q

Recognized Language families

A

One Hundred to Several Hundreds

  • IE, Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Afroasiatic
25
Q

In Europe, most languages are related and belong to the

A

IE family

26
Q

Language Isolates

A

Languages No idea Where they Come from

27
Q

prehistoric language

A
  • No written records
    e. g. proto-germanic (while latin sometimes written)
28
Q

Early form of languages

A
  • Proto-Language

(Educated Guesses)

29
Q

Proto-Language

A
  • Early Form of Language
  • Educated Guesses
30
Q

Evolution Theory (first appearance)

A
  • 19th Century
  • Philologist
31
Q
  • IE Family (Division)
A

10 (11) Groups

2 Categories (Satem/Centum)

32
Q

Satem/Centum Classification

A

Based on initial sound in the word for ‘hundred’

33
Q

Easternmost IE Language

A

Tocharian (Centum)

34
Q

Satem/Centum Language (Location)

A

Satem = East (except Tocharian)

Centum = West

35
Q

Centum Languages

A
  • Italic
  • Germanic
  • Celtic
  • Greek
36
Q

Genetic Class. comes from

A
  • Cognates (Shared Similarities)
  • NOT borrowed
37
Q

Pater/père/father/vater

A
  • Cognates
  • Non are borrowed from other Languages
38
Q

(Fr) Royale vs. (Eng) Royal

A

Not Cognates

  • Royal Borrowed from French
39
Q

Uralic Family (location)

A

now Central-Russia

40
Q

Uralic Family

A

Non Indo-European Lang.

e.g. Sami, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian

41
Q

IE Alphabets

A
  • Latin
  • Greek
  • Cyrillic (Russian)

Alphabets NOT Related to Lang. Origins

42
Q

Russian Alphabet

A

Cyrillic

43
Q

Semitic

A

maltese

44
Q

Basque

A

(N-Spain, N-France)

  • Not indo-european
  • Not Related to other Languages (Language Isolate)
45
Q

sanskrit

A

Proto-IE

46
Q

First Language of French (Before Latin)

A

Gaulish (Celtic Family)

47
Q

One of First Distinction W/E Europe

A

Satum/Centum

48
Q

Earliest Greek Records (dates)

A

1500 B.C.

49
Q

Sir William-Jones (date)

A

1786

50
Q

IE Homeland

A

Mesopotamia - Garden of Eden (Early Hypothesis)

Now - Central Europe (Cen. Russia)

51
Q

IE spoken (When/Who)

A
  • 5000-3000 BC
  • Late Stone Age People (semi-nomadic)
52
Q

IE people knowledge

A
  • Domesticated Animals
  • Primitive Agriculture
  • Developped Religion
53
Q

IE People Migration (begin date)

A
  • Extensive Mig. began after 3000 B.C.
54
Q

IE People Mig.

Last Groups to Leave their Original Homeland

A
  • Germanic
  • Balto-Slavic
  • Celtic
55
Q

Languages of Particular Interest

A
  • Celtic Languages (French + British)
  • Germanic Languages
  • Italic
56
Q

Germanic Languages

(Include)

A

OE

ME

PDE

57
Q

Italic Languages (include)

A

French

2 - History of English (9 decks)

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