History of English - W03

Question 1

Methods of Classifying Languages

Answer 1

• Word Order Typology
• Morphological Typology
• Genetic Typologies
• Motion Verb Typologies
• Tone / Stress Typologies

Question 2

Classifyng Languages (focus)

Answer 2

• Morphological
• Genetic

Question 3

Word Order Typology

Answer 3

SVO

Question 4

Motion Verb Typology

Answer 4

He swims across the river

Il traverse la rivière à la nage

Question 5

Tone/Stress Typology

Answer 5

• Modern French Always Stress Final Syllable

Question 6

Pure Language

Answer 6

• No Such Thing
• All languages are Mixed or Unconscious

Question 7

Definition (Morphological Classification)

Answer 7

• Structural Similarities (Based)
• Universal Features (Based)
• Types of Morpheme
• Word-Formation System

Question 8

Word-Formation Systems (Morphological Class.)

Answer 8

• Inflectional
• Agglutinative
• Isolating

Question 9

Inflectional (Morphological Class - Word-Formation System)

Answer 9

• Inseparable inflections Fused with Lexical Stems
• Word Ending with Lexical Stems
  (e. g. love + d, s, ing)

Question 10

Agglutinative (Morpho. Class. - Word Formation System)

Answer 10

• Affixes added to Lexical Stems (little change)
• Transparent Arrangement
  (e. g. daKatzar - Basque ‘I Bring Them)

Question 11

Isolating (Morpho. Class. - Word Formation System)

Answer 11

• Opposite of Agglutiative
• Every Morpheme is a Seperate Word
• Monosyllabic
• No affixes
• No Inflection
• Grammatical info = articles, prep., conjonction.

Question 12

English Typological Classification

Answer 12

Mixture of 3

• Inflectional
• Agglutinative
• Isolating

Question 13

English as

Inflectional Language

Answer 13

the morpheme -S- coombines 4 types of Grammatical Info.

• Singular
• Plural
• Indicative
• Third Person

Question 14

English as

Agglutinative

Answer 14

Meaning of Derivational Morphemes Transparent

e. g. un- = not
- ly = adjectival
- ness = abstract noun

Question 15

English as

isolating

Answer 15

• Elements = Seperate Words
• Word Order relatively Rigid
  e. g. articles, prep., neg. words, will

Question 16

Genetic classification is a theory of….

Answer 16

Common Origin

Question 17

Genetic Classification

Answer 17

Observed Resemblances bw Languages

Languages = Laws of Evolution – Common Ancestor

• languages displaying systematic differences must descend from a common source

Question 18

Which Morphological Classification Type is Synthetic

Answer 18

Agglutinative

Question 19

Which Morphological Classification Type is Analytic

Answer 19

Isolating

Question 20

Built Comparatives (definition)

Answer 20

Word Built for comparison

e.g. - More Important, - Bigger

Question 21

Built Comparatives

• Analytic (EXEMPLE)

Answer 21

More important

Question 22

Built Comparatives

• Synthetic (EXEMPLE)

Answer 22

Bigger

Question 23

Polysynthetic

(What to know)

Answer 23

Not in European Languages

Question 24

Recognized Language families

Answer 24

One Hundred to Several Hundreds

• IE, Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Afroasiatic

Question 25

In Europe, most languages are related and belong to the

Answer 25

IE family

Question 26

Language Isolates

Answer 26

Languages No idea Where they Come from

Question 27

prehistoric language

Answer 27

- No written records e. g. proto-germanic (while latin sometimes written)

Question 28

Early form of languages

Answer 28

- Proto-Language (Educated Guesses)

Question 29

Proto-Language

Answer 29

- Early Form of Language - Educated Guesses

Question 30

Evolution Theory (first appearance)

Answer 30

- 19th Century - Philologist

Question 31

- IE Family (Division)

Answer 31

10 (11) Groups 2 Categories (Satem/Centum)

Question 32

Satem/Centum Classification

Answer 32

Based on initial sound in the word for 'hundred'

Question 33

Easternmost IE Language

Answer 33

Tocharian (Centum)

Question 34

Satem/Centum Language (Location)

Answer 34

Satem = East (except Tocharian) Centum = West

Question 35

Centum Languages

Answer 35

- Italic - Germanic - Celtic - Greek

Question 36

Genetic Class. comes from

Answer 36

- Cognates (Shared Similarities) - NOT borrowed

Question 37

Pater/père/father/vater

Answer 37

- Cognates - Non are borrowed from other Languages

Question 38

(Fr) Royale vs. (Eng) Royal

Answer 38

Not Cognates - Royal Borrowed from French

Question 39

Uralic Family (location)

Answer 39

now Central-Russia

Question 40

Uralic Family

Answer 40

Non Indo-European Lang. e.g. Sami, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian

Question 41

IE Alphabets

Answer 41

- Latin - Greek - Cyrillic (Russian) Alphabets NOT Related to Lang. Origins

Question 42

Russian Alphabet

Answer 42

Cyrillic

Question 43

Semitic

Answer 43

maltese

Question 44

Basque

Answer 44

(N-Spain, N-France) - Not indo-european - Not Related to other Languages (Language Isolate)

Question 45

sanskrit

Answer 45

Proto-IE

Question 46

First Language of French (Before Latin)

Answer 46

Gaulish (Celtic Family)

Question 47

One of First Distinction W/E Europe

Answer 47

Satum/Centum

Question 48

Earliest Greek Records (dates)

Answer 48

1500 B.C.

Question 49

Sir William-Jones (date)

Answer 49

1786

Question 50

IE Homeland

Answer 50

Mesopotamia - Garden of Eden (Early Hypothesis) Now - Central Europe (Cen. Russia)

Question 51

IE spoken (When/Who)

Answer 51

- 5000-3000 BC - Late Stone Age People (semi-nomadic)

Question 52

IE people knowledge

Answer 52

- Domesticated Animals - Primitive Agriculture - Developped Religion

Question 53

IE People Migration (begin date)

Answer 53

- Extensive Mig. began after 3000 B.C.

Question 54

IE People Mig. Last Groups to Leave their Original Homeland

Answer 54

- Germanic - Balto-Slavic - Celtic

Question 55

Languages of Particular Interest

Answer 55

- Celtic Languages (French + British) - Germanic Languages - Italic

Question 56

Germanic Languages (Include)

Answer 56

OE ME PDE

Question 57

Italic Languages (include)

Answer 57

French