History Masterclass Review Flashcards
the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the mid-1700s
Industrial Revolution
when wealthy landowners used fences or hedges to define their property, and it had 2 important results
Enclosure Movement
available water, coal, iron, rivers, new inventions, and capital* all resulted in the Industrial Revolution beginning in this country
England
the use of minors in factories and mines~
Child labor
the Industrial Revolution spread from England to Germany, Belgium, and then to the __?__
United States
wrote The Communist Manifesto in which he argued that human society was divided into warring class: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie
Marx
created capitalism, an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
Smith
introduced utilitarianism, which argues for the judgment of ideas, institutions, and actions based on their usefulness
bentham
Believed that the population would exceed the food supply without wars and epidemics to check population growth and that the underclass would always be poor in a market system
Malthus
opened Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago which trained social workers and provided for those in need with facilities such as a kitchen and nursery
addams
the fight to abolish slavery
abolition
voluntary labor associations that used tactics like strikes and sickouts to push for reforms in working conditions*
unions
The right to vote
suffrage
belief that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific~
manifest destiny
document issued by Lincoln in 1863 declaring all slaves in confederate states free and showed European nations that the war was being fought about slavery so they would not send money or supplies to the South and was written during the American civil war in hopes of saving the union from defeat*
emancipation proclamation
Invented the steam engine
watt
Came up with germ theory
pasteur
invented the airplane
Wright Brothers
Process for making steel
bessemer
Invented the light bulb
edison
Discovered the atom
dalton
Invented the telephone
bell
Territory purchased from Mexico~
Gadsden purchase
the seizure of a country or territory by a strong nation~
imperialism
the racist belief of Europeans that they were superior to others led to the creation of __?__, a social theory of the time
social darwinism
meeting of Europeans to divide Africa in 1884
berlin conference
leader of the Zulu people used highly disciplined warriors and a good military organization to create a large centralized state
Shaka
war was fought between the British and the Dutch for control of South Africa
Boer War
type of rule associated with the use of local government officials and limited self-rule
indirect
the policy of __?__ advocated Europeans governing imperial subjects in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights
paternalism
The French supported a policy of ___?___ which was based on the idea that in time, the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French
Assimilation
In German East Africa it was the belief that magic water would turn the German bullets into water
maji maji
King Menelik II used diplomacy and modern weaponry to maintain the independence of what African nation
Ethiopia
Why the British made Egypt a protectorate
Suez canal
an uprising of Indian soldiers after it was revealed that rifle cartridges were being greased with pig and beef fat
sepoy mutiny
Britain’s “jewel in the crown”+
india
trade good did the British use to correct the trade imbalance they had with the Chinese
opium
“The sun never sets on the __?__ Empire”
britain
The imperial divisions created by the Europeans in China
spheres of influence
growing anti-foreign sentiment resulted in this Chinese revolt in the spring of 1900
boxer rebellion
foreign policy of the United States to be the international police and “speak softly and carry a big stick”
Roosevelt corollary
foreign policy of the United States to protect the Western hemisphere
monroe doctrine
US policy that opened China to all foreign powers
open door policy
War in which an Asian power (Japan) defeated a European power (Russia)
russojapanese war
Japan’s policy to modernize and westernize under the rule of emperor Mutsuhito during what 45 year period
meiji era
war that resulted in the US becoming an imperial power
spanish american war
Indian from Oaxaca, noted general in the civil war against the French, sought “Order and Progress,” under his rule the rich got richer and the poor were more exploited
porfirio diaz
became popular because of his Robin Hood policy of taking from the rich and giving to the poor
pancho villa
Mexican politician, was president 4 times, attempted to regain Texas, ultimately exiled after losing the war to the United States and signing the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
santa anna
a writer who had been exiled from Cuba that returned to launch a second war for Cuban independence , was killed early on in the fighting
jose marti
Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism and __?__ were the main causes of World War I
alliances
The Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand started __?__
world war 1
Front where a stalemate occurred due to trench warfare during World War I
western
Front between Germany and Russia
eastern
Poison gas, machine gun, tanks, and submarines * were all introduced during this war
world war 1
Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman telegram were the reasons the United States ended its policy of __?__
isolationism
did extensive work in the field of genetics
mendel
refers to the removal of Georgia’s Cherokee tribe to Oklahoma over 800 miles away to Oklahoma
Trail of Tears
Site of the first shots of the Civil War
Fort Sumter, SC
time after the American Civil War when the South was divided and occupied by Union forces to enforce constitutional protections for freedmen
Reconstruction
Germany’s war strategy in WWI, which was to fight only one front at a time that but ultimately failed
Schlieffen Plan
treaty ended World War I and laid the foundation for World War II
Versailles
US president during World War I`
wilson
Pay reparations, give up land and colonies, accept responsibility, and demilitarize* were punishments inflicted on what country after World War I
Germany
international peacekeeping organization was created at the end of World War I
league of nations
refers to the Russia communists who were led by Lenin
Bolsheviks
the last czar (tsar) of Russia
nicholas II
the Lenin’s slogan of the Russian Revolution
peace land bread
leader associated with 5 year plans, collectivization, and the Great Purge
stalin
leader of Kuomintang that lost the Chinese civil war and was exiled to Taiwan
Jiang Jeishi
After the massacre at Amritsar, who emerged as the leader of the Indian independence movement
Gandhi
a type of government in which the state has complete control over all aspects of life
totalitarianism
the refusal to obey unjust laws as protest
civil disobedience
style of art is exemplified by Salvador Dali
surrealism
strangled world trade during the Great Depression
High protective tariffs
crashed on October 29, 1929
Stock market
caused Germany money to rapidly and drastically lose value~
hyperinflation
Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s plan to get the United States out of the Great Depression
new deal
Benito Mussolini established a government in Italy based on __?__.
Fascism
__?__, or lightening war, was the Germany war tactic used against Poland.
blitzkrieg
__?__ refers to the National Socialist German Worker’ Party that took power in Germany.
nazism
The __?__ was the line of trenches that divided Germany and France. They failed to halt the German invasion of France.
Maginot Line
Hitler declared that Germany was overcrowded and need more __?__, or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia.
Lebensraum
The alliance of Germany, Japan, and Italy was known as the __?__.
Axis Powers
The British and the French were unwilling to confront Hitler and so they adopted a policy of __?__ in order to keep the peace.
appeasement
The alliance of the British, French, Soviets, and ultimately the United States was known as the __?___.
allied powers
At the __?__, the British and the French allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland in order to preserve peace in Europe
Munich Conference
The United States policy toward World War II was initially __?___ until Pearl Harbor made that stance impossible to continue.
Isolationism
country attacked by Italy before the start of World War II
ethopia
Russian leader that used gulags to punish his enemies
stalin
Germany leader bitter about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
hitler
Italian fascist leader that wanted to restore the glory of Rome
Mussolini
the constant air raids on civilian targets in Britain by the German Luftwaffe
Battle of Britain
Vicious battle between Nazi and Soviet forces
Stalingrad
the surprise attack on a US navy base in Hawaii that brought the United States into World War II
Pearl Harbor
Allied invasion of France at Normandy
DDay
this battle is considered the turning point in the Pacific Theater when the allied powers began to gain the upper hand
Midway
locations where the atomic bombs were dropped in Japan by the United States were Nagasaki and __?__
Hiroshima
means “night of broken glass” and was an expression of anti-semitism in Germany
Kristallnacht
invasion of this country started World War II in Europe
poland
when the war in Europe was over and the allied forces were declared victorious
VEday
Hitler’s genocide which targeted Jews as well as others like Romanis and Russians
Holocaust
Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific who was tasked with overseeing Japanese occupation at the end of World War II
MacArthur
US strategy in the Pacific devised by Douglas Macarthur to move toward the Japanese mainland by seizing island after island
island hopping
led air raids on the Japanese mainland that were of minimal military value but great psychological value for allied troops
james doolittle
Japanese suicide pilots
Kamikaze
American plan to keep the German economy afloat temporarily after World War I
Dawes Plan
organization that replaced the failed League of Nations
UN
figurative divide that existed between Eastern and Western Europe; phrase coined by Winston Churchill
Iron curtain
foreign policy was enacted by president Harry S. Truman and was directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism
containment
program created by the United States to provide monetary assistance to western Europe so they would rebuild as capitalist democracies - WILDLY SUCCESSFUL!!!
marshall plan
alliance created by the Soviet Union and its satellites to counter the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact
divided and occupied after the War by the Allied powers after World War II
Germany
the flying in of supplies by the Allies powers after Berlin was blockaded by the Soviets
berlin airlift
Russian satellite launched into space that sparked the space race
sputnik
communist leader of the Vietnamese nationalist independence movement
Ho Chi Minh
after the __?__ war it was reunited as a communsit country
Vietnam
after the __?__ war it was and is still divided at the 38th parallel
Korea
theory that if one country fell to communism others would as well
Domino
closest the cold war got to becoming “hot”, involved the placement of missiles in Cuba which threatened the US since Cuba is only 90 miles away , a US blockade was sent to stop Russian ships from bringing more supplies into Cuba, Khrushchev backs down to John F. Kennedy and loses credibility with the Russian people*
Cuban Missile Crisis
Russian leader responsible for the policies of glasnost and perestroika and contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev
leader of the Muslim League
Jinnah
led the independence movement in Kenya
Kenyatta
major leader of the Indian National Congress
Gandhi
led the independence movement in Algeria
AhmedBenBella
close associate of Gandhi, created a constitution-based democracy and outlawed caste discrimination in India
Nehru
Egyptian leader known for nationalizing the Suez Canal and building the Aswan high dam
Gamal Nasser
started the “Freedom Now” campaign for independence in Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah
policy of leagalized segregation found in South Africa
Apartheid
instrumental in ending apartheid and was elected the first black president of South Africa in that country’s first free elections in 1994
Mandela
responsible for the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Milosevic
organization formed during the cold war consisting of the United States and their capitalist democratic allies
NATO
leader of the Khmer Rouge and responsible for the genocide in Cambodia
Pol Pot
systematic and purposeful destruction of a specific group of people
Genocide
responsible for the ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Milosevic
abbreviation for the loose federation of former USSR territories that formed in 1991
CIS
Gorbachev’s economic restructuring policy that gave local managers more autonomy and allowed for the private ownership of small businesses
perestroika
Gorbachev’s policy of “openness” which allowed for the re-opening of churches and free media
glasnost
the communist government in Cambodia responsible for the genocide in the 1970s
Khmer Rouge
conference that occurred prior to the end of World War II when it was decided that Germany would be divided between the US, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union
yalta
first American astronaut to successfully walk on the moon
Neil Armstorng
American general who came up with island hopping, oversaw the occupation of Japan, and pushed back communist forces in North Korea to the Yalu River. He was ultimately fired for questioning Truman’s decision to not drop the atomic bomb
MacArthur
Cold War Policy in which the United States (under president Truman) agreed to support any non-communist force, most strongly in Greece and Turkey
Truman Doctrine
Richard Nixon’s policy of lessening Cold War tensions
détente
Kennedy and Johnson’s Cold War Era policy of pushing the USSR to the brink of war
brinkmanship
opposed Mao Zedong in the Civil War and was ultimately defeated and retreated to Taiwan
Jiang Jeishi
