Entirety of World History 1st Semester Flashcards
time period between 1300-1600 during which time art and learning was revived
renaissance
Dictators of Florence, held political power by offering for political favors, successful Italian banking family
medici family
political advisor who believed it was “better to be feared than loved”
machiavelli
renaissance painter responsible for artistic creations such as the Mona Lisa
da vinci
Wrote a book called Utopia about the possibility of a better society
sir thomas more
Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly
Desiderius Erasmus
English playwright during the Elizabethan era known for his plays, sonnets, and essays
shakespear
began the Reformation over indulgence, wrote the 95 Theses
luther
Began a theocracy in Switzerland; major belief = predestination
calvin
broke with the Catholic Church over a divorce
King Henry VIII
renamed the Nat’l Church of Eng. Anglicanism
Queen Elizabeth I
gathered followers who later became known as the Society of Jesus or Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
church meeting that established the following: the Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final, Christians needed faith and good works for salvation, the Bible and church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life, and ban on the false selling of indulgences
council of trent
artistic technique that allows depth to be portrayed on a flat surface
perspective
german craftsman who invented the printing press
gutenberg
Italian artists fled North to avoid wars, Northern artists studied art in Italy, monarchs were generous patrons of the arts
northern renaissance
Country where the Renaissance began
italy
Flemish; used recently developed oil-based paints to develope techniques that painters still use
jan van eyck
focused on human potential and achievements, worked to understand Greek
humanism
German; produced woodcuts and engravings of religious subjects, myths, & realistic landscapes
Albrecht Durer
German; specialized in painting portraits that are almost photographic in detail
hans holbein
Flemish; skillful in portraying large numbers of people, interested in a large number of details
peter bruegel
a supporter of the arts; usually commissioned the creation of painting or sculptures
patron
Italian; carved sculptures in realistic poses with expressive faces that portrayed personality
donatello
name given to Constantinople after it was conquered by Mehmed II
istanbul
Founder of the Ottoman Empire.
osman
defeated the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran; Mehmed’s grandson; captured Mecca and Medina and Cairo; effective sultan/great general
selim the grim
superb military leader, created a law code, and created a bureaucracy and simplified tax code
suleyman the lawgiver
draft of christian males into the army
devshirme
created the title “shah” and ruled as a religious tyrant
ishmail
Ottoman elite force of 30,000 soldiers
janissaries
communities of religious minorities within the Ottoman Empire where they worship freely
millets
Founder of the Safavid Empire which began as a religious brotherhood
safi al’ din
leader during the Safavids golden age
shah abbas
Capital city of the Safavid Empire
asfahan
national industry of the Safavid Empire
carpet weaving
Mughal; built of white marble as a memorial to Shah Jahan’s deceased wife Mumtaz Mahal
Taj Mahal
Refers to the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals that were all Islamic, used gunpowder, and had golden ages
gunpowder empires
A warrior for Islam
ghazi
Leader who unified Japan
Ieyasu
sailed from Portugal to the Cape of Good Hope back to Portugal
dias
Empire located on three continents - Europe, Asia, and Africa
Ottoman Empire
Conquistador that conquered the Incas in Peru
pizarro
complained because they felt that they did not get their fair share of the newly discovered land
portugal
trade route that is the informal exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between the new world and the old world
columbian exchange
refers to the maritime route connecting Africa to the Americas that was used to transport slaves under inhumane conditions
middle passage
trade route connected America, Africa, and Europe and was a formal exchange of goods and slaves for profit
triangular trade
Pope who wanted to end the rivalry between Spain and Portugal over land in the “new world”
alexander VI
discovered the West Indies while sailing West in search of a water route to the indies
christopher columbus
created to move the dividing line to be more fair to Portugal
The treaty of tordesillas
opened a school for navigation
Prince Henry
Chinese Muslim who led seven global voyages seeking to expand the glory of China
Zheng He
sailed from Portugal around the Cape of Good Hope to India to bring spices back to Portugal
da gama
conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
cortes
In 1493, the rivalry between Portugal and ___ over land in the new world had reached an almost boiling point
Spain
Japanese Theatre
kabuki
served as a critical choke point between traders conducting business between India and China
malacca
factors that motivated exploration
gold, god, glory
group of people, fleeing religious persecution that settled in New England
puritans
warrior chieftain in Japan
diamyo
his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe after he died in the Phillippines
magellan
Type of Empire created by Portugal in the Indian Ocean
trade post empire
sailed by the Mississippi to claim the Louisiana territory for France
De La Salle
Japanese poem in a 5-7-5 syllable format
haiku
1st English settlement established in 1607, struggled at first because they were more interested in gold but later succeeded because of their use of tobacco as a cash crop
jamestown
line created by the pope to stop the feud between Spain and Portugal over land in the “new land”
line of demarcation
traders known for being fair and trading furs with the indigenous people
french
indigenous people died from disease on a massive scale and africans had immunities to European Diseases, Native people were nomadic hunter-gatherers with no knowledge of farming whereas Africans had experience with agriculture, Africans were less likely to escape because they were not familiar with the land whereas indigenous people were more knowledgeable of the terrainindigenous people died from disease on a massive scale and africans had immunities to European Diseases, Native people were nomadic hunter-gatherers with no knowledge of farming whereas Africans had experience with agriculture, Africans were less likely to escape because they were not familiar with the land whereas indigenous people were more knowledgeable of the terrain
Reasons Africans were used as slave labor
T/F slavery existed in Africa for centuries before Atlantic slave trade began
true
T/F Initially England dominated the slave trade, but overtime the Spanish and Portuguese replaced them as the primary slave traders
false
T/F The demand for slave labor by Europeans began when agricultural labor was demanded by settlers in the Americas
true
T/F The demand for slave labor by Europeans began when agricultural labor was demanded by settlers in the Americas
true
T/F Europeans traded raw materials like cotton and sugar for African slaves
False
T/F Africans did not attempt to keep any of their cultural tradition alive because the institution of slavery was too grueling
false
T/F In the Americas, slavery was a lifelong hereditary condition
true
kings or queens who held all of the power within the boundaries of their state
absolute monarch
Phillip sent 200 ships and defeated the strong ottoman fleet
battle of Lepanto
Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power) and wanted to see a shift of balance of power
Bourbon dynasty
gold and silver in the form of bars
bullion
(1585-1642) minister to louis XIII. his the point plan 1)Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
cardinal richelieu
the idea that god created the monarch and that the monarch acted as gods representative on earth
divine right
A comedic book written by Miguel de Cervantes during the Renaissance. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes.
don quixote
1598 - Granted the Huguenot’s liberty of conscience and worship.
edict of nantes
a painter who used interesting colors to distort the human figure, was deeply religious and expressed emotions
el greco
A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II.
escorial
German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe
habsburgs
Leader of Huguenot forces and head of Bourbon family
henry of navarre
A general and progressive increase in prices
inflation
French king who personified absolute monarchy.
louis XIV
Muslims from North Africa
moors
Lavish palace constructed by Louis XIV to reflect his power and might
palace of versailles
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
phillip II
painted a Portrait of Don Pedro de Barberana
velazquez
a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.
war of Spanish succession
the absolute monarch of england until he was defeated in the english Civil War. He was executed for violating the law and behaving like a tyrant
Charles I
the Habsburg ruler of Austria who is well known for being one of Marie Antoinette’s parents and being a rival of Prussia
maria theresa
Peter’s goal of using western Europe as a model for change
westernization
harnessed the power of electricity
franklin
Wrote Leviathan. Thought human nature was nasty, brutal, & short. He said government was needed to provide jurisdiction for the people and that all rebellions must be quashed.
hobbes
used a telescope in italy to prove the heliocentric theory
galileo
wrote the book Social Contract; believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property
Rousseau
created the scientific method
bacon
wrote about a new economic system known as capitalism in his book the wealth of nations
smith
(1689-1755) wrote ‘Spirit of the Laws’, said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government
montesquieu
discovered germ and created the germ theory; explained why people got ill
pasteur
discovered that the heart powers the circulatory system
harvey
discovered the laws of gravity and motions
newton
wrote Treatise on Tolerance, believed there should be a separation of church and state and in religious tolerance.
voltaire
Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
Locke
discovered the smallpox vaccine when he observed milkmaids
Jenner
believed in a heliocentric universe with elliptical orbits and laws of planetary motion
kepler
believed in a heliocentric universe with linearly aligned planets and circular orbits
Copernicus
the grey stone castle built by and lived in the Phillip II
Escorial
land peasants in Russia until 1800’s
surfs
Muslims of Spain
moors
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by Queen Elizabeth I
spanish armada
a religious dispute between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire
30 Years war
a major war involving every major European power and was fought in Europe, North America, and India
7 years war
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648
peace of westphalia
a period of Russian history after Ivan the Terrible killed his ablest son and his weaker son ended up ruling for a short time and never produced an heir
time of troubles
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles and bankrupted the country due to his wars
louis XIV
Absolute monarch of Russia
peter the great
Russian nobles
boyars
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
huguenots
capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703
st. petersberg
Intellectual and cultural capital of Europe
paris
regular gatherings of intellectuals in the homes of the wealthy
salons
created the Encyclopedia, a collection of articles about various intellectual topics
Denis Diderot
Grand, ornate style popular during the 1600s/1700
Baroque
simple, elegant style of art and architecture, popular in the 1700s
neoclassical
type of music inspired by the Enlightenment including Mozart and Beethoven
Classical music
an absolute monarch who is inspired to bring enlightened ideas to their country
Enlightened Despot
Enlightened Despot of Prussia who brought religious tolerance and legal reform and Absolute ruler of Prussia
Frederick the Great
enlightened despot from austria who freed that country’s serfs
Joseph II of austria
Russian absolute monarch who reversed her position of freeing the serfs after a revolt
catherine the great
Who was part of the Old Order that ruled France
Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Estates System
Had 1 vote in the Estates-General
all estates
consisted of 97% of the population
3rd estate
consisted of the clergy
1st estate
consisted of the nobles
2nd estate
did not pay taxes
first and second estate
paid taxes
3rd estate
consisted of 2% of the population
2nd estate
Provided relief services and education to the poor
1st estate
Slogan of the French Revolution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
was looked down upon in France became he was originally from Corsica wanted to conquer Europe and inspired the rise of French nationalism, was the hero of the French Revolution because as Commander-In-Chief of the military he defended France from foreign powers, took power after a successful coup d’état against the Directory
Characteristic of Napoleon
Name given to the temporary return of Napoleon from his exile on Elba
the hundred days
Form of gov’t after CoV
monarchy
