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Intro to Vet Technology > History and Physical Key Terms > Flashcards

History and Physical Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The most common veterinary procedure and tells more about a patient than any other diagnostic tool

A

Physical Examination

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2
Q

What does VCPR stand for?

A

Veterinarian Client Patient Relationship

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3
Q

What are the 5 VT responsibilities during the physical exam?

A
  1. Vitals
  2. Restraining Patient
  3. Interviewing client for presenting problem
  4. Body Systems History
  5. Body Systems Review
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4
Q

The detailed questions about the body systems involved in the presenting problem

A

Body Systems History

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5
Q

The overview of the body systems to note any additional problems the animal may have

A

Body Systems Review

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6
Q

The first step of an exam

A

Medical History

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7
Q

Takes into account the patient’s emotional wellbeing such as fear triggers, treat preferences, where and how they like or dislike being handled, and behavioral nutraceuticals and/or meds that have worked in the past

A

Emotional Medical Record

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8
Q

What types of questions should you ask when interviewing the owner in order to get the most detailed response possible and avoid yes/no answers

A

Open-Ended Questions

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9
Q

The overall but concise patient description used to share basic facts about the animal to the vet

A

Signalment

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10
Q

What 4 pieces of info are included in the Signalment?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Breed
  4. Reproductive Status (neutered or not)
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11
Q

What are the 5 key components of a thorough history?

A
  1. Identify the presenting problem
  2. Completing a medical history
  3. Completing an environmental history
  4. Completing an emotional history
  5. Reviewing the body systems
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12
Q

What should the VT say to the client upon entry to the exam room if the presenting problem is:

  1. known at client arrival
  2. unknown at client arrival
A
  1. Confirm and reiterate the problem - “Hi, Mrs. Jones. I see Marley is here to see Dr. Smith today because he has been scratching his ears.”
  2. Ask the client - “Hi Mrs. Jones. Tell me why Marley needs to see Dr. Smith today.”
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13
Q

What 4 things should the VT ask once the presenting problem is confirmed?

A
  1. When did this problem begin?
  2. Has the problem gotten better or worse?
  3. Has the animal ever experienced this problem before?
  4. What are the characteristics and details of the problem?
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14
Q

Details about the animal’s current living situation

A

Environmental History

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15
Q

What 4 things should the VT ask the client regarding patient environmental history?

A

“Oh dam that’s how you live?”
1. Ownership Details
2. Diet
3. Environment
4. Medications

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16
Q

The Circulatory System includes what 3 things?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood Vessels
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17
Q

The Respiratory System includes what 7 things?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Mouth
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Lungs
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18
Q

The Integumentary system includes what 8 things?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Scales
  3. Hair
  4. Paws
  5. Hooves
  6. Feathers
  7. Horns
  8. Nails
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19
Q

The Musculoskeletal System includes what 6 things?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Muscles
  3. Tendons
  4. Ligaments
  5. Connective Tissues
  6. Joints
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20
Q

The Gastrointestinal System includes what 8 things?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Intestines
  5. Anus
  6. Liver
  7. Gallbladder
  8. Pancreas
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21
Q

The Urogenital System includes what 5 things?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
  5. Reproductive Organs
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22
Q

The Nervous System includes what 3 things?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
  3. Nerves
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23
Q

What are the 6 Vital Statistics you must collect at the beginning of every physical exam?

A
  1. Weight
  2. HR
  3. RR
  4. Mucous Membrane Color
  5. CRT
  6. Temperature
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24
Q

What type of scale do you use for dogs/cat > 20 lbs?

A

Platform Scale

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25
Q

What type of scale do you use for dogs/cats < 20 lbs?

A

Infant Scale

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26
Q

What type of scale do you use for small animals < 2 lbs?

A

Gram Scale

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27
Q

What type of scale do you use for horses and other farm animals?

A

Walk-On Scale

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28
Q

If a walk-on scale is not available, what is another way to determine the weight of a horse?

A

Heart-Girth Tape

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29
Q

Listening with a stethoscope to the body’s various functions

A

Auscultation

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30
Q

Feeling with your hands and/or fingers

A

Palpating

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31
Q

How do you calculate Heart Rate?

A

HR (beats per min) = # beats over 15 sec x 4

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32
Q

What is the “lub” sound caused by in a normal heart beat?

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves closing

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33
Q

What is the “dub” sound caused by in a normal heart beat?

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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34
Q

An abnormal heart rate or heart rhythm

A

Arrythmia

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35
Q

Abnormally slow heart rate

A

Bradycardia

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36
Q

Abnormally fast heart rate

A

Tachycardia

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37
Q

When the HR increases when the animal inhales and decreases when the animal exhales

A

Respiratory Sinus Arrythmia

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38
Q

An abnormal sound caused by the improper closure of the heart valves or other cardiac diseases - causes a “whooshing” sound

A

Murmur

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39
Q

How do you calculate pulse rate?

A

PR (pulse beats per minute) = # pulse beats over 15 sec x 4

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40
Q

Where can you find the femoral artery for palpation?

A

Palpate the medial thigh where the femur bone meets the trunk of the body

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41
Q

The heart rate should be synchronous with what?

A

Pulse Rate

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42
Q

How do you note the Character of the pulse?

A

Whether it is:
- Strong = easily palpated
- Weak = difficult to palpate
- Bounding = excessive pressure
- Thready = weak and feels like a small thread moving under your fingers

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43
Q

What is considered 1 Full Respiration?

A

1 breath = 1 inhalation + 1 exhalation

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44
Q

Where do you place the diaphragm of the stethoscope when auscultating for heart rate?

A

Thorax near the left axilla

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45
Q

Where do you place the diaphragm of the stethoscope when auscultating for respiratory rate?

A

Left side of the thorax - approximately the 3rd rib

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46
Q

What are the 2 methods to determine respiration rate?

A
  1. Auscultation
  2. Visualization
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47
Q

What are the 4 Lung Fields?

A
  1. Left Dorsal
  2. Left Ventral
  3. Right Dorsal
  4. Right Ventral
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48
Q

When auscultating the lung fields, what 3 things are you noting?

A
  1. Depth - deep breaths vs shallow?
  2. Effort - effortless or difficult to breathe?
  3. Character - smooth or abnormal?
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49
Q

Abnormal Character of Respiration - harsh noises that sound like crumpling cellophane paper

A

Crackles

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50
Q

Abnormal Character of Respiration - high pitched musical noises heard on exhalation

A

Wheezes

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51
Q

Abnormal Character of Respiration - high pitched noises on inhalation or exhalation

A

Stridor

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52
Q

How do you calculate respiratory rate?

A

RR (breaths per minute) = # breaths over 15 seconds x 4

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53
Q

Reflection of the perfusion and peripheral tissues

A

Capillary Refill Time (CRT)

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54
Q

What should the CRT be?

A

< 2 seconds

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55
Q

How do you determine CRT?

A

Press down on the gums until blanched > count how many seconds it takes for them to return to normal color

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56
Q

How far in should a rectal thermometer be placed?

A

1 inch

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57
Q

99.5 -102.5 is the normal temperature for what species?

A

Dogs

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58
Q

100.5 -102.5 is the normal temperature for what species?

A

Cats

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59
Q

99 - 101 is the normal temperature for what species?

A

Horses

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60
Q

100 - 102 is the normal temperature for what species?

A

Cows

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61
Q

101 - 104 is the normal temperature for what species?

A

Sheep

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62
Q

80 - 140 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Young Dog

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63
Q

140 - 200 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Young and Adult Cat

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64
Q

60 - 80 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Young Horse

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65
Q

100 - 150 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Young Cows

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66
Q

80 - 120 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Young Sheep

67
Q

60 - 140 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Adult Dog

68
Q

30 - 50 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Adult Horse

69
Q

40 - 60 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Adult Cow

70
Q

70 - 80 is the normal HR/PR for what species?

A

Adult Sheep

71
Q

20 - 25 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Young Dog

72
Q

20 - 30 is the normal RR for what species (young)?

A

Young Cat

73
Q

14 - 15 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Young Horse

74
Q

30 -60 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Young Cow

75
Q

15 - 20 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Young Sheep

76
Q

20 - 30 is the normal RR for what species (adult)?

A

Adult Dog

77
Q

20 - 40 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Adult Cat

78
Q

9 - 10 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Adult Horse

79
Q

12 - 16 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Adult Cow

80
Q

15 - 40 is the normal RR for what species?

A

Adult Sheep

81
Q

Who is primarily responsible for physical exams?

A

Veterinarian

82
Q

What are the 6 most common Integumentary System abnormalities?

A
  1. Lesions - alopecia, lumps, bumps
  2. Papules
  3. Crusting
  4. Scabs
  5. Erythroderma
  6. Fleas/Flea Dirt
83
Q

What 4 things are you checking in the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Hair Coat
  2. Skin
  3. Paw pads and nails
  4. Turgor Pressure
84
Q

Unit of time used to measure the elasticity of the skin

A

Turgor Pressure

85
Q

What do the results of Turgor Pressure indicate?

A

Level of Dehydration

86
Q

How do you measure Turgor Pressure?

A
  1. Lift a patch of skin between the shoulder blades
  2. Twist and release
  3. Measure the length of time it takes the skin to return to normal
  4. Length of time = Turgor Pressure
87
Q

Ratio of Turgor Pressure to Dehydration:
0-1 sec = ____ % dehydration

A

< 5%

88
Q

Ratio of Turgor Pressure to Dehydration:
2-4 sec = ____ % dehydration

A

5 - 8%

89
Q

Ratio of Turgor Pressure to Dehydration:
5-10 sec = ____ % dehydration

A

8 - 10%

90
Q

Ratio of Turgor Pressure to Dehydration:
10-30 sec = ____ % dehydration

A

10 - 12%

91
Q

If masses, lesions or papules are observed, what 4 things do you record?

A
  1. Location on the body
  2. Location on or under the surface of the skin
  3. Size
  4. Shape
92
Q

External parasites like fleas

A

Ectoparasites

93
Q

Redness of the skin

A

Erythroderma

94
Q

What 4 things are you checking in the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Nose/Nostrils
  2. Mouth
  3. Throat
  4. Lungs
95
Q

What are some common Respiratory System abnormalities?

A
  • Discharge
  • Swelling
  • Masses
  • Foreign Objects
  • Rales
  • Elongation of the Palate
96
Q

What are you listening for when auscultating the thorax?

A

Even air flow in and out of the lungs in all 4 quadrants

97
Q

Crackling or ratting sounds during inhalation

A

Rales

98
Q

Soft palate fluttering when the animal breathes

A

Elongated Palate

99
Q

What 4 things are you checking in the Circulatory System?

A
  1. Mouth - mucous membrane color and CRT
  2. Throat
  3. Thorax - heart auscultation
  4. Pulse Beat
100
Q

What are you listening for when auscultating the throat?

A

Even air flow

101
Q

What are you listening for when auscultating the heart?

A

Valve PMI (Point of Maximal Intensity)

102
Q

How do you determine if there is a Pulse Deficit?

A

Feeling the pulse beat while listening to the heart

103
Q

The difference, if any, between the heartbeat and the pulse beat

A

Pulse Deficit

104
Q

What 4 things are you checking in the Gastrointestinal System?

A
  1. Mouth - mouth cavity, teeth, gums
  2. Throat - esophagus
  3. Abdomen
  4. Rectum
105
Q

When palpating the abdominal organs, what 3 things are you noting?

A
  1. Consistency
  2. Size
  3. Shape
106
Q

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestines, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the digestive tract forward

A

Peristaltis

107
Q

What 5 things are you checking in the Urogenital System? (3 female/2 male)

A

Female:
1. Internal Sex Organs
2. Mammary Glands
3. Vulva

Male:
1. Testicles
2. Penis

108
Q

What are some common abnormalities in the Urogenital System?

A
  • Masses
  • Discharge
  • Enlargement
  • Lumps
109
Q

What 4 things do you palpate the testicles for?

A
  1. Presence
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Consistency
110
Q

What 2 things do you palpate the penis for?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Smoothness
111
Q

What 5 things are you checking in the Musculoskeletal System?

A
  1. Muscles
  2. Leg Bones
  3. Joints/Toes
  4. Spine
  5. Body Condition Score (BCS) or Muscle Condition Score (MCS)
112
Q

What 4 things do you palpate the muscles for?

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Enlargement
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
113
Q

What 3 things do you palpate the leg bones for?

A
  1. Fractures
  2. Pain
  3. Masses
114
Q

What 4 things do you feel and listen for when moving the joints/toes through their full ranges of motion?

A
  1. Crackling
  2. Popping
  3. Sounds of Pain
  4. Loss of Motion
115
Q

How do you evaluate the spine during a physical exam?

A

Apply pressure to the muscles around the spine from neck to tail

116
Q

The degree of slimness or obesity on a scale from 1-9

A

Body Condition Score (BCS)

117
Q

The degree of muscle present on a scale from 1-4

A

Muscle Condition Score (MCS)

118
Q

What 3 things are you checking in the Nervous System?

A
  1. Eye Reflexes
  2. Pupils
  3. Foot Reflexes
119
Q

What are normal vs abnormal Pupil reactions during their test?

A

Normal - pupil dilates to its pre-exam state
Abnormal - any lack or delay of constriction or dilation

120
Q

What 2 reflexes do you test for in both eyes during a physical exam?

A
  1. Palpebral Reflex
  2. Menace Reflex
121
Q

Touching the medial corner of the eye to elicit a blink

A

Palpebral Reflex

122
Q

Moving an open palm rapidly toward the animal’s eye to elicit a blink

A

Menace Reflex

123
Q

The reflex to right the foot once being put in a flexed position

A

Proprioception

124
Q

How do you test paw/hoof reflexes?

A

Test their proprioception

125
Q

What is an abnormal response during a proprioception test?

A

Delay or lack of righting the foot

126
Q

What are the 5 peripheral lymph nodes palpated and compared in the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Submandibular
  2. Axillary
  3. Inguinal
  4. Popliteal
  5. Prescapular
127
Q

Lymph node located caudal to the mandible on each side of the jaw

A

Submandibular Lymph Node

128
Q

Lymph node located cranial and dorsal to the shoulder joint

A

Prescapular Lymph Node

129
Q

Lymph node located in the animal’s armpit region

A

Axillary Lymph Node

130
Q

Lymph node located in the region between the rear legs

A

Inguinal Lymph Node

131
Q

Lymph node located at the caudal aspect of the rear leg behind the stifle joint

A

Popliteal Lymph Node

132
Q

When comparing the lymph nodes to one another what 3 things are you comparing for?

A
  1. Size - enlargement
  2. Consistency
  3. Pain
133
Q

Scientific name for the knee joint

A

Stifle Joint

134
Q

What 5 things are you checking in the Eyes?

A
  1. Eyelashes / Lids
  2. Conjunctiva
  3. Sclera
  4. Cornea
  5. Retina
135
Q

When discharge is observed in the eye(s), what 3 things do you note?

A
  1. Color
  2. Consistency
  3. Location - left, right or both eyes
136
Q

What 3 things are you checking in the Ears during a physical exam?

A
  1. Base of Ear / Ear Pinna
  2. Ear Canal
  3. Tympanic Membrane
137
Q

What are some common abnormalities when evaluating the ears during a physical exam?

A
  • Masses
  • Fluid
  • Alopecia
  • Discoloration
  • Irritation
  • Discharge
138
Q

Device used to check the ears during a physical exam

A

Otoscope

139
Q

Device used to check the eyes during a physical exam

A

Ophthalmoscope

140
Q

The membrane that covers the eyeball and the inside of the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

141
Q

The white part of the eye

A

Sclera

142
Q

The transparent layer that covers the very front of the eye

A

Cornea

143
Q

A layer at the back of the eyeball containing photosensitive cells that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain

A

Retina

144
Q

A legal document containing all pertinent info about the animal’s current medical condition, medical history, and anything else that applies to the animal’s health

A

Medical Chart / Medical Record

145
Q

Who does the medical record belong to?

A

The vet hospital or the owner of the practice

146
Q

In what order are medical records organized?

A

Reverse-Chronological Order

147
Q

What is on the first page of the medical record/chart?

A

Master Problem List

148
Q

The most widely accepted format that divides a physical exam medical note into 4 sections

A

SOAP Format

149
Q

What does SOAP stand for?

A

S - Subjective Data
O - Objective Data
A - Assessment
P - Plan

150
Q

Section of the medical record for info that’s subject to observational and descriptive powers of the evaluator

A

Subjective Data

151
Q

What SOAP section includes:
- Reason the animal is at the vet
- Patient history details
- observations of the animal that can’t be quantified

A

Subjective Data Section

152
Q

What SOAP section includes:
- Weight
- Temperature
- Pulse
- Respiration
- Lab Data
- Details of each body system’s physical exam

A

Objective Data Section

153
Q

Section of the medical record containing info that is quantifiable - can be and is measured

A

Objective Data Section

154
Q

Section of the medical record that guides the vet’s diagnostic testing choices - is only used by the vet

A

Assessment Section

155
Q

What SOAP section includes:
- differential diagnoses
- patient diagnoses

A

Assessment Section

156
Q

What SOAP section includes:
- Prognosis
- Problems to be monitored
- Follow up care instructions for client
- Medications prescribed
- Other recommendation

A

Plan Section

157
Q

What are 4 common topics for Client Education?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Behavior
  3. Postoperative Care
  4. Wellness Information
158
Q

General term that covers many of the client’s interactions with the practice

A

Client Education

159
Q

What are 4 examples of Vet-Client interactions considered to be Client-Education?

A
  1. Talking informatively to the client during and following the examination
  2. Explaining postoperative care instructions when discharging a surgical patient
  3. Reviewing a prescription to make sure the client knows how much medication to give and when
  4. Answering the client’s questions
160
Q

Who is primarily responsible for client-education?

A

Veterinarian

161
Q

What 2 things can you do to be a successful VT?

A
  1. Listen to what the vet says to clients
  2. Learn about the topics the vet considers important
162
Q

How long do you auscultate the abdomen when checking the gastrointestinal system and what do you record?

A

Listen for 1 full minute
Record how many gut sounds you hear

163
Q

How many gut sounds should you hear per minute during abdominal auscultation of a large animal?

A

1-2 gut sounds

Intro to Vet Technology (16 decks)

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