history : American West the early settlement of the West 1835-1862 Flashcards
when was the early settlement of the Plains?
1835-1862
there were many different tribes. some where large and called nations. give an example?
the Sioux nation
what tribes made up the Sioux?
Lakota, Dakota and Nakota tribes
what were the leaders of the Sioux called?
chiefs
what did the plains Indians have that included young men who were brave and skilled fighters?
warrior brotherhoods
what did survival depend on in the Plains?
hunting buffalo
name two examples of materials used to make something on the Plains?
sinews as a bowstring and tongue as a hairbrush
where did many tribes move to in the harsh winters?
into lodges made of earth and timber logs.
why were horses important to the Plains Indians?
they were used for hunting and were a sign of wealth .
how many horses did the Hunkpapa Sioux tribe have in 1870?
3500
how did the Plains Indians believe they could contact the spirit world?
” vision quests”, guided by the spirit animals and special dances such as the Sun Dance
what lands were sacred to the Plains Indians?
Black Hills of South Dakota
how did the Lakota people believe they were created?
in a special cave in the Black Hills by the Great Spirit.
what was seen as disrespectful by some Plains Indians?
farming or mining
living on the Plains was difficult so the Plains Indians did what to each other?
raided each other for food, horses, weapons and people.
what was the “counting coup” tactic
a warrior would hit or touch enemies and get away without being injured or killed.
what did counting coup require?
huge levels of skills of bravery
why did the Americans believe they had more right to the US land?
because they were trying to improve it and farm it
when was the Indian Removal Act?
1830
where did the Indian Removal Act force Indians to go ?
West of the Mississipi
how many Indians moved after the Indian Removal Act?
over 46,000
when was the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act?
1843
what did the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act involve?
sets out a border between the USA and Indian territory.
what did the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act stop?
stopped whites from settling onto Indian lands and prevented the sales of guns or alcohol to Indians by white traders
when was the US victory in the Mexican-American war?
1848
what did the Us victory in the Mexican American war mean?
Gained territory such as California which meant that Indian lands were now in the middle of the USA.
when was the Indian Appropriations act?
1851
what did the Indian Appropriations act fund ?
the moving of the American Indians to reservations in modern day Oklahoma
why did the economic crash encourage people to move west?
unemployment was as high as 25% in some areas
when was the economic crash?
1837
what encouraged people to move west?
Rich farmland In Oregon, the Oregon Trail made it easier to cross, gold rush, propaganda and manifest destiny
when was the Oregon trail first publicised ?
1825
who was the Oregon trail publicised by and who first used it?
Jedidiah Smith and it was first used by fur- trappers
what did the Oregon trail enable?
large families to move westward
when was the Transcontinental railroad used as the main method of travelling west?
by 1869
How much did the government provide for an expedition to map the Oregon Trail?
$30,000
by 1846, more than how many people had travelled across the Oregon Trail?
5,000
when was the Gold Rush?
1849
how many people left for the East of California due to the Gold Rush?
100,000
by 1855, California’s population reached what ?
300,000
due to the Gold Rush many people left for the West to be involved in what professions?
shopkeepers, bartenders and traders
what is manifest destiny?
the belief that white Americans had the right to populate all areas of America, it was Gods will
How did the Gold Rush consequently promote the image of the West?
farming in California grew, rapid growth of mining towns led to problems with law and order and new migrants murdered or enslaved Indians to get them out of the way.
what were the main problems with migration?
getting stuck, falling ill or running out of supplies
at least how many people were thought to have dies along the Oregon trail?
20,000
when did the donner party travel across the Oregon trail?
in 1846
how many migrants were led by the Donner Brothers ?
300
The donner party was well equipped but the dominant age group was what?
elderly
where did the donner party split at ?
fort bridger in the rocky mountains as they decided to try a new shortcut
the short cut turned out to be what?
it took longer and by mid October the party had only reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains
what happened to their livestock when they were trapped in the sierra Nevada mountains in winter?
they died
how many people died in the Donner Party?
40, including George Donner
when and why did the Mormon migration happen?
ordered to leave Illinois in 1845 after rioters murdered their leader Joseph Smith
when was the Mormon migration?
1846-1847
how did staying in Omaha make the Mormon migration successful?
they stayed until spring to avoid the hard winter.
how did the Mormon advance party make the Mormon migration successful?
they were supplied with enough food for a year and had a portable boat to get over river crossings
how did the advance party make the Mormon migration successful regarding agriculture?
they planted crops and located water sources
how was Brigham Young prepared for the trip?
he consulted trail guides, split the Mormons into small manageable groups
how many families and wagons travelled in the Mormon migration, allowing Young to plan the logistics of the trip?
3,000 families with 2,500 wagons
what did Brigham Young teach the migrants to do ?
form their wagons into a circle to keep livestock safe and regular stops were planned
the Mormons succeeded through obeying Young because they believed he was what?
Gods prophet
the Mormons succeeded through building what?
irrigation systems from the freshwater streams of the Great salt Lake .
what did the irrigation systems mean for the Mormans?
they had water to grow crops
conditions in California and Oregon were great for what?
farming
by when were farmers producing so much wheat that they began exporting grain to Europe?
1850’s
by the 1850’a settlement increased where?
on the Great Plains and the two new territories of Kansas and Nebraska
no whites had farmed on the great plains therefore it was difficult because?
hot , dry conditions, difficult to plough and tangled roots
how did white migrants cause problems top the Indians?
they killed buffalo and their oxen ate the grass needed for the Indians and their horses
when was the treaty of Fort Laramie?
1851
how was there problems from the beginning of the treaty of fort laramie?
the government wanted each tribe to send a chief to represent them but tribes didn’t work in this way so many tribes didn’t attend
in the treaty of fort Laramie what did the government want to agree on with the Indians but it didn’t work?
boundaries but the Indians didn’t understand it as they didn’t use land with boundaries.
the treaty of fort Laramie promised plains Indians they would be protected from who?
the white Americans
the treaty of fort Laramie paid how much annual payments to the Indians?
$50,000
the plains Indians were only aloud their annuities if they kept to what agreements?
the government could build roads on their lands, no fighting between tribes and the permission of allowing railroad companies to enter their land.
how was the treaty of fort Laramie significant ?
it was the first time Indians had to live b y boundaries and the first time white settlers could cross Indian land
how did the treaty of fort Laramie fail?
the plains Indians continued to fight and migrants didn’t stick to the Oregon trail
how did the gold rush affect problems with law and order?
mass migration and settlement that the law enforcement couldn’t handle
how did mining camps cause problems with law and order?
claim jumping, salting a claim, prostitution and tension between different ethnic groups
when was there a huge increase in Chinese migrants?
1952
why was there an increase in Chinese migrants?
famine in china
what did the population of Chinese migrants go to in 1851-1852?
2,000 to 20,000
when was there a crime wave in san Francisco ?
1851
what was the crime wave in san Francisco caused by?
unemployment and racist crimes
when could a territory apply to be a state and become under control by the federal government?
when there population is over 60,000
when could a territory elect a sherrif?
when they have a population of over 5000
a Kansas sheriff would have covered how much land on horseback?
200,000km2
mining communities got together and created what?
rules to govern mining and their own court with a judge
when did vigilance committees happen in san Francisco?
1851
where did vigilance committees spread to and what did they often lead to?
spread to mining towns and often led to lynching
white americans were encouraged to do what?
murder Californian Indians
laws that discriminated against the Chinese did what?
tax more
