history: american west development of the plains 1862-1876 Flashcards
1
Q
when was the development of the Plains?
A
1862-1876
2
Q
what triggered the civil war?
A
southern states leaving the USA in 1861
3
Q
when did the union defeat the confederacy?
A
1865
4
Q
after the civil war who looked for a fresh start by migrating west?
A
ex soldiers and slaves
5
Q
why were the homestead act and pacific railroad act passed during the civil war?
A
so that the southern states had no say in them
6
Q
when was the homestead act?
A
1862
7
Q
how many acres was in a plot of land given for the homestead act?
A
160 acres
8
Q
how much did it cost to register a claim in the homestead act?
A
$10
9
Q
who could file a claim?
A
anyone as long as they were: single, over 12 or head of the household
10
Q
after how many years did homesteaders have to wait until they could “prove up”?
A
5 years
11
Q
what did you have to do as a homesteader in order to prove up?
A
plant 5 acres of crops and build a house
12
Q
how much did “proving up” cost?
A
$30
13
Q
by 1876, how much government land was used by homesteaders?
A
6 million acres
14
Q
how much land was homestead land in Nebraska?
A
half of it
15
Q
what did homesteading in Nebraska encourage?
A
immigration from Europe
16
Q
how much land was “proved up” by 1884?
A
13 million acres
17
Q
why was only 13 million acres of land proved up by 1884?
A
the government granted more land to the railroads
18
Q
how much land was granted to the railroads in the homestead act?
A
300 million
19
Q
who did the government grant more land to for a higher price?
A
rich landowners, big ranch owners etc
20
Q
when was the pacific railroad act?
A
1862
21
Q
when did the southern states leave the union?
A
1861
22
Q
what was a consequence of the southern states leaving the union?
A
the northern states selected a route that went from California to Nebraska
23
Q
what two companies built the pacific railroad?
A
union pacific and central pacific
24
Q
where did the union pacific build from?
A
Omaha and built its track west
25
where did the central pacific build from?
California and built east
26
what did the pacific railroad act extinguish?
the rights that Plains Indians might have land on the planned route
27
what did railroad companies use to encourage people to buy their land?
marketing
28
how many Scandinavians settled in Nebraska due to the pacific railroad act?
10,000
29
how many Germans settled in Kansas du to the pacific railroad act?
60,000
30
by 1880, how much land had the railroad companies settled?
200 million acres ( much more than the homestead act)
31
a consequence of the pacific railroad act was increased immigration from where?
europe
32
a consequence of the pacific railroad act was connecting the western territories to where?
eastern
33
a consequence of the pacific railroad act was declining numbers of what?
buffalo
34
a consequence of the pacific railroad act was enabling the growth of what?
the cattle industry
35
a consequence of the pacific railroad act was that settlers could buy products from where?
industrial cities
36
how much savings would a homesteader need?
between $800-$1000
37
what would homesteaders need to save for?
ploughing fields, digging a well and buying a horse and farming equipment
38
how could homesteaders run out of money quickly?
if it didn't rain and their crops didn't grow to sell
39
when was "self governing"?
1854
40
what was "self governing"
windmill to pump water out of the ground
41
when was the steel bladed windmill invented?
1870
42
what did it mean when the invention of the steel bladed windmill happened?
it could withstand the prairie winds but it wasn't powerful enough to pump up from deep water wells
43
when was barbed wire invented?
1874
44
what was barbed wire used for?
fence off crops and livestock
45
when was barbed wire used broadly?
after 1880's
46
what was bad about early types of barbed wire?
they were expensive, weak and rusted easily.
47
when was the sulky plough invented?
1875
48
what was the sulky plough used for?
to plough up the tough weeds and prairie grass
49
how many sulky ploughs were sold in the first 6 years of production?
50,000
50
why were walking ploughs more widely used?
early sulkies were unstable and could tip up
51
what became the main crop in Kansas due to it growing well?
"Turkey Red"
52
when was the Timber Culture Act?
1873
53
what did the Timber Culture act allow?
homesteaders to claim a further 160 acres if they promised to plant trees on a quarter of it.
54
why were trees good to homesteaders?
they acted as a wind break for the crops and provided settlers with timber to build houses
55
how much land had been claimed under the timber culture act ?
16 million by 1878
56
where was the only place that tree growing worked due to the lack of water in the Plains?
Minnesota
57
what were the new towns created by the railroad knows as ?
" hell on wheels"
58
why were railroad towns known as "hell on wheels"?
they were lawless
59
what did Abilene attract?
cowboys and gunfights
60
when did Thomas Smith become the marshal of Abilene?
1870
61
what did Thomas smith ban in Abilene?
guns
62
when was Thomas Smith shot and killed with an axe?
November 1870
63
when did Abilene return to lawlessness until?
April 1871
64
who was anointed marshal in 1871?
" wild bill" Hickok
65
why was Wild Bill Hickok sacked?
he enforced very little law
66
why did the civil war add to the problem of lawlessness?
army deserters and ex soldiers normally ended up in these towns
67
who were gangs of outlaws normally made up from?
former soldiers
68
why couldn't the police stop gangs of outlaws?
law enforcement was still too weak
69
who did gangs terrify into doing what they said?
local people and law officers
70
what was the Reno Gang made up of ?
Civil War deserters, con men and thieves
71
how much money did the Reno Gang steal from a train?
$16,000
72
when did the Reno Gang steal from the train?
1886
73
what did a fourth robbery net the Reno Gang?
$96,000
74
when did texas become independent from mexico ?
1836
75
why was there issues with Texan cowboys herding cattle north?
Texas fever and quarantine laws
76
when did longhorn cattle numbers boom?
after the civil war in 1865
77
how much did a cow cost in Chicago compared to texas?
$40 in Chicago and $5 in texas
78
why were Kansas farmers preventing cattle drives to the north?
they wouldn't allow cattle drives through due to Texas Longhorn fever
79
when was the goodnight loving trail established?
1866
80
who was the goodnight loving trail established by?
Charles goodnight and oliver loving
81
how much did oliver and loving make on their first cattle drive to new markets in the west near fort sumner?
$12,000
82
when did joseph McCoy purchase land in Abilene?
1867
83
how much land did Joseph McCoy purchase in Abilene?
450 acres of land
84
how many railway cars would be loaded at Abilene?
100
85
how did people get to Abilene?
via the Chisholm trail
86
when did John Iliff by land near Denver for a ranch?
1866
87
by when had Iliff built up a huge herd in the Colorado Plains?
1870
88
how many did Iliff have in his herd in the Colorado plains?
26,000
89
how did Iliff become a millionaire?
by selling beef to mining towns
90
when did Iliff win a contract to sell beef to Indian reservations?
1872
91
how many Indian reservations could Iliff provide for?
7,000
92
when was the beef bonanza in the west (ranching becoming the new way to get rich)?
1870
93
what was the consequence of the "beef bonanza"?
cattle barons
94
how were long drives dangerous for cowboys?
it could take up to 6 months
95
what happened regarding employment to cowboys when the cattle industry changed to ranching?
many cowboys were unemployed in the winter months and had to get jobs in bars
96
on ranches what did cowboys do?
they worked on the borders to round up cattle
97
how did ranchers block homesteading on "their" public land?
blocking access to water, threatening violence and range wars
98
what did the Indians not realise when the fort Laramie treaty would impact when letting construction teams onto their land?
the buffalo
99
what did the government begin to extinguish ?
any rights to land for the plains Indians along the railroad route
100
what san example of the railroad route going through indian lands?
the Union Pacific railroad went through the Pawnee lands
101
what did the Northern Pacific railroad go through?
vast indian territories
102
as cattle numbers increased what declined?
buffalo numbers
103
when was gild discovered in Montana?
1862
104
as more and more Americans moved onto the plains what did the government do to and promise the Indians?
Indians were moved onto reservations and were promised to be well cared for?
105
why were reservations bad?
they didn't understand Indian cultures or ways of life, the farming land was poor and leaders of the reservations were often corrupt
106
why did white americans hate the reservations?
they were angry with the size
107
when did president grant have a Peace Policy ?
1868
108
who was made commissioner of Indian Affairs?
Ely Parker ( an indian himself )
109
what did ely parker say the Indians should be treated as?
helpless and ignorant wards
110
when was the Indian Appropriations Act?
1871
111
what did the Indian Appropriations act allow?
the government to easily take land
112
when was little crows war?
1862
113
in little crows war what did the chief of the Dakota Sioux agree to ?
move to two reservations
114
in little crows war why did the government refuse to pay for the annuities of the Dakota Sioux?
they still owed debt to traders
115
in little crows war how much annuities were they supposed to get?
$80,000
116
in little crows war why did trouble flare up with the warrior brotherhoods?
many bands left due to lack of food and trouble flared up when warrior brotherhoods were hunting
117
in little crows war when were the Dakota Sioux forced to sign half of their reservation away?
1858
118
in little crows war when did the Indians have to eat grass in desperation to survive?
1862
119
in little crows war ( in frustration) , how many US soldiers were slaughtered by the Indians?
600
120
in little crows war what was the final outcome?
the Indians were put on Crow Creek reservations
121
in little crows war how many Indian men were executed and who with significance with killed?
38 men executed and Little Crow was killed
122
when was the sand creek massacre?
1864
123
in the sand creek massacre what lands were crossed by prospectors going to Colorado?
Cheyenne and Arapho
124
in the sand creek massacre when was the treaty of fort wise?
1861
125
in the sand creek massacre what did tribe chiefs agree to due to the treaty of fort wise?
tribes agreed to move onto reservations but many young brotherhoods ( dog soldiers) refused.
126
in the sand creek massacre who set up a camp at Sand Creek?
Black Kettle
127
in the sand creek massacre, who was hired to kill and destroy hostile Indians?
colonel chivington
128
in the sand creek massacre how many men, women and children were massacred?
over 130
129
in the sand creek massacre what was the final outcome?
cheynenne and arapho Indians were put on a reservation half the size they were promised
130
in the sand creek massacre when were Cheyenne and Arapaho put on reservations?
1865
131
in the sand creek massacre what wasn't given to survivors that they were promised?
compensation
132
when was red clouds war?
1866-68
133
in red clouds war what did the Bozeman trail cross?
the Lakota Sioux hunting grounds
134
in red clouds war who did red cloud not trust?
the American government and chose to fight
135
in red clouds war who was red cloud joined by to fight?
sitting bull and crazy horse.
136
in red clouds war what did red cloud sitting bull and crazy horse do?
attacked soldiers along the trail
137
in red clouds war who was trapped and killed?
captain fetterman
138
in red clouds war what was the final outcome?
the second treaty of fort Laramie was signed due to red clouds success
139
in red clouds war what was the exclusive use of the siuoux nation?
Great Sioux Reservation
