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Year 11 second half > history > Flashcards

history Flashcards

1
Q

What were the terms of Treaty of Serves?

A

They lost most of their land to France Britain and Greece, they had to pay reparations for the damages they caused in WW1, their territory in the Middle East was also confiscated. The Treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire

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2
Q

Why did most farmers not benefit from the economic boom

A

Farmers did not benefit from the economic boom because of over production. American farming, with its new machinery such as the combine harvester and new fertilisers, was the most efficient in the world. More land was being farmed. However this ended up with more food produced than America needed. Huge amounts of grain were being produced that nobody wanted. Prices dropped, especially of grain, leaving the farmers with less income. Soon, many of them could not keep up with their mortgage payments.

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3
Q

was investment in the stock market popular in the boom

A

Yes, it was an easy way to make money

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4
Q

how many people owned shares in 1920 and 1929

A

1920: 4 million
1929: 20 million

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5
Q

Why did many Americans buy into the stock market in the 1920s economic boom?

A

they thought it was easy money

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6
Q

how many investors were speculators (a form of gambling)

A

600,000

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7
Q

what is a stock market speculator

A

Someone who doesn’t intend to keep their shares long, they borrow money to buy shares, then sell them as soon as the price has risen

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8
Q

What gender became heavily involved in stock marked speculation

A

Women

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9
Q

what year did speciation really take hold

A

1928, this is because demand for shares was at an all time high, and prices were rising.

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10
Q

Two examples which show how speculation worked

A

They gambled stocks in the stock market basicaly

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11
Q

When did the construction industry in USA started its downturn

A

1926

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12
Q

When was farming in decline in USA

A

1920

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13
Q

What year did other sectors of the economy were showing signs of strain

A

1929

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14
Q

What was the economic boom based on

A

the increased sale of consumer goods such as cars and electrical appliances

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15
Q

Why did the stock market crash

A

America was overproducing

the rich already had everything and the poor couldn’t afford anything

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16
Q

How much money had American industry spent on magazine advertising in 1929

A

3 billion

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17
Q

when was the Wall Street crash

A

October 1929

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18
Q

Describe the Wall Street crash

A

the car sales were slowing, and in June 1929 the official figures for industrial output showed a fall for the first item in 4 years.
Share values started to slide and throughout September and October.

The Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the Stock Market in the U.S. after panic selling of stocks and shares by both professional and small investors. On October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, over $10 to $15 billion was lost when stocks completely collapsed.

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19
Q

why did the Wall Street crash?

A

By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the stock market crash of 1929 were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector

Lots of people selling stocks

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20
Q

why speculation was attractive to Americans

A

because it looked like easy money

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21
Q

Why it was risky for economy

A

Because everyone pulling out could lead to a crash

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22
Q

What were Roosevelts advisers known as?

A

the Brains Trust

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23
Q

What was one of the problems affecting the USA revolving banks

A

the loss in confidence of banks

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24
Q

What did Roosevelt order all banks to do the day after his inauguration

A

The day after his inauguration Roosevelt order all banks to close and wait until government officials checked them until they could open
A few days later 5000 trustworthy banks reopened and were even supported by government money

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25
Q

how many proposals to congress did Roosevelt send to congress

A

He sent 15 and they were all adopted

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26
Q

what did Roosevelt do every Sunday

A

He would broadcast on radio to the nation. Estimated 60 million Americans would tune into these ‘fireside chats.’

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27
Q

List what the FERA (Federal emergency relief administration did)

A

they tackled the needs of the poor

500 million was spent on soup kitchens, blankets, employment schemes

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28
Q

What did the CCC (Civilian conservation corps) do

A

they aimed at unemployed young men, the men signed up for six months and earned money to their families

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29
Q

What did the AAA (Agricultural adjustment administration) do

A

they tried to take a long term view of the problems facing farmers
It set quotas to reduce farms production in order to force prices gradually upwards
at the same time it helped farmers to modernise and to use farming methods that would conserve and protect soil
In cases of extreme hardship, farmers could also receive help with their mortgages

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30
Q

What was the final measure of the hundred days

A

it was NIRA (National industrial recovery act). It set up two important organisations: The NRA (National recovery administration) and the PWA (The public works administration). The PWA used government money to build schools, roads, dams, bridges, and airports.

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31
Q

what is the Tennessee Valley

A

The Tennessee valley was a huge area that cut across seven states
In the were season the river would flood
in the dry season it would reduce to a trickle
The farming land around the river was a dust bowl bowl

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32
Q

What is the TVA

A

the Tennessee valley authority (TVA) Their main focus was to build a series of dams on the river.

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33
Q

The impact of the hundred days

A

Restored confidence in the government
reporters who travelled the country brought back reports of the new spirit to be seen around the USA
Historians, too, agree that Roosevelts bold and decisive action did have an effect on the American people

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34
Q

What were the short term consequences of the crash

A

the large spectators were ruined and the rich lost the most as they had invested the most

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35
Q

How much money did Winston Churchill lose during the crash

A

500,000 dollars

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36
Q

Who were the main buyers of American goods?

A

the rich

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37
Q

What would happen to some banks if they lent out too much money

A

they would go bankrupt

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38
Q

What did president hoover tell the people during the crash and what did he do

A

he told them that prosperity was ‘just around the corner’

He also cut taxes to encourage more spending, by mid 1931 production was rising again

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39
Q

what was the worst thing that the crash destroyed

A

Confidence

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40
Q

how many banks failed in 1929

A

659

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41
Q

What did people do when banks started failing

A

They withdrew their money

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42
Q

how many more banks became bankrupt in 1930

A

1352

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43
Q

What was the biggest bank that went bankrupt in 1930

A

the bank of the United States in New York

It was the worst failure in American history

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44
Q

How many depositors did the bank of the United States have

A

400,000 depositors, many being immigrants

45
Q

how much money was withdrawn from banks in the USA

A

Billion of dollars

they were stored in safe deposit boxes or at home

46
Q

How many more banks went bankrupt in 1931

A

2294

47
Q

Describe the downwards spiral during the crash

A

Americans were not buying as much
This means banks had less money to give out in loans
banks started demanding business repay loans and then the businesses that couldn’t afford this went bankrupt. Thus lead to more unemployment

48
Q

Between 1928 and 1933 how far did industrial, farm and wages fall

A

industrial and farm production fell by 40%

Average wages fell by 60%

49
Q

What did the American economy been geared up for

A

mass consumption and high spending. This is why the crash was so devastating, because less people were spending. This caused the spiral

50
Q

How many people were unemployed in 1933 USA and how many banks went bankrupt

A

14 million unemployed

5000 banks went bankrupt

51
Q

what did the total income of farms fall too in the USA 1930s crash

A

Just 5 billion

52
Q

did other countries suffer from the depression

A

Yes

53
Q

what was the USA’s international trade reduced from in 1929-1932

A

From 10 billion to 3 billion

54
Q

The human cost of the depression

A

as farm income fell, many farmers could not pay their mortgages
Some farmers organised themselves to resist banks taking their homes
The farmers would defend themselves with pitchforks and barricading roads

55
Q

What happened to most farmers

A

They had to pack up their belongings into trucks and live on the road. They lost their farms and land. They were starving and farmers had to kill the animals they couldn’t transport

56
Q

What was the dustbowl

A

caused by over-farming and drought, the dustbowl was a bunch of topsoil that turned into dust. It was whipped up by wind to create the dustbowl

57
Q

what was the dust from the dust bowl like

A

the dust covered everything, it got into every crack and crevice. Many packed up all their belongings and headed for California

58
Q

The human cost of the depression

A

Unemployment rose rapidly, city workers were forced to sell their homes or kicked out as they couldn’t pay the rent. Or they would join the army out of unemployment looking for work.

59
Q

What happened in the parks at night

A

it was full of homeless and unemployed.

60
Q

What was a Hooverville

A

A shanty town of ramshackle huts where migrants lived while they reached for work

61
Q

how many people suffered from starvation in 1931

A

238 people were admitted to hospital in New York suffering from starvation, 45 of whom died

62
Q

What left President Hoover open to criticisms

A

he promised prosperity was just around the corner, that was a lie

63
Q

What was hoover regarded as

A

a do nothing president
This was not fair because he tried hard to restart the economy in 1930 and 1931 with tax cuts. He tried to persuade business leaders not to cut wages. He put money into public work programmes. Most of these measures did not match up to the scales of the problems happening in the country

64
Q

who were reluctant to change their basic policies

A

Hoover and most republican. They said that business should be left alone to bring back prosperity

65
Q

Hundred days timeline

A

4 March – Roosevelt inaugurated.
5 March – Closed banks.
9 March – Selected banks reopened.
12 March – Roosevelt’s first radio ‘fireside chat’. Encouraged Americans to put their money back into the banks. Many did so.

66
Q

What happened to Roosevelt by may 1935

A

he was facing a barrage of criticism

He had hoped to transform the USA, but it didn’t seem to be working as he hoped

67
Q

What happened on Tuesday, 14 may 1935

A

Roosevelt met with senators and close advisors who shared his views. They persuaded him to take big steps to achieve his vision to make USA better

68
Q

The Wagner Act

A

Forced employers to allow trade unions in their companies and to let them negotiate pay and conditions.
It made it illegal to sack (fire) workers for being in a union

69
Q

The social security act

A

Provided state pensions for the elderly and for widows.
Allowed state governments to work with the federal government to provide help for the sick and disabled.
Most importantly, the Act set up a scheme for unemployment insurance.
Employers and workers made a small contribution to a special fund each week.
If workers became unemployed, they would receive a small amount to help them out until they could find work.

70
Q

The works progress administration (WPA)

A

Later renamed the ‘Works Project Administration’.
Brought together all the organisations whose aim was to create jobs.
It also extended this work beyond building projects to create jobs for office workers and even unemployed actors, artists an photographers.

71
Q

The Resettlement administration

A

Helped smallholders and tenant farmers who had not been helped by the AAA.
This organisation moved over 500 000 families to better-quality land and housing.

72
Q

The farm security administration (FSA)

A

It gave special loans to small farmers to help them buy their land.
It also built camps to provide decent living conditions and work for migrant workers

73
Q

what was a complaint that a number of high profile figures raised about the new deal

A

the New Deal was not doing enough to help the poor.

74
Q

who were hit the hardest with poverty

A

African Americans and the poor in farming areas

75
Q

Who was Huey long

A

he became Governor of Louisiana in 1928 and a senator in 1932

76
Q

What did Huey Long do to rise to power

A

His methods of gaining power were unusual and sometimes illegal (including intimidation and bribery).
However, once he had power he used it to help the poor.

77
Q

Who did Huey Long tax and why

A

He taxed big corporations and businesses in Louisiana and used the money to build roads, schools and hospitals.

78
Q

was Huey Long against racism

A

yes, he employed African Americans on the same terms as whites and therefore clashed with the KKK.

79
Q

What did Huey think about the new deal

A

At first he supported the New Deal, but by 1934 he was criticising it for being too complicated and not doing enough.

80
Q

What scheme did Huey long create

A

He put forward a scheme called Share Our Wealth.
All personal fortunes would be reduced to $3 million maximum
Maximum income would be $1 million a year
Government taxes would be shared between all Americans
Proposed pension for everyone over 60, and free washing machines and radios

81
Q

was Huey long supported by Roosevelt

A

No, Roosevelt regarded him as one of two of the most dangerous men in the USA.

he was then assassinated in 1935

82
Q

What did Dr Francis Townsend found

A

founded a number of Townsend Clubs to campaign for a pension of $200 a month for people of over 60.
Providing that they spent it that month, which would stimulate the economy in the process.

83
Q

what were the criticisms from the Republicans to the new deal

A

It was complicated and there were too many codes and regulations
Government should not support trade unions and it should not support calls for higher wages – the market should deal with these issues
Schemes such as TVA created unfair competition with private companies

84
Q

What is the TVA

A

Tennessee Valley Authority

85
Q

What was Roosevelt behaving like in the new deal

A

A dictator, this is because high taxes discouraged people from working hard and gave money to people for doing nothing or doing unnecessary jobs

86
Q

was Roosevelt upset by the criticisms

A

Yes, but also the tactics used against him by big business and the republicans

87
Q

what did people say Roosevelt was disabled from

A

A STD

88
Q

What messages did employers put into their workers pay packets

A

saying that the new deal schemes would never happen

89
Q

How many votes did Roosevelt get in the 1936 election

A

27 million votes

90
Q

What did Roosevelt face after the 1936 elections

A

The Supreme Court

91
Q

What was Roosevelt trying to do to fight the Supreme Court

A

He was trying to change the setup of the Supreme Court

92
Q

The end of the new deal

A

The events of 1936 took their toll on Roosevelt and he became more cautious after that.
Early in 1937 prosperity seemed to be returning and Roosevelt did what all of the conservatives had wanted:
He cut the New Deal budget
He laid off many workers who had been employed by the New Deal’s own organisations and the cut in spending triggered other cuts throughout the economy.
This meant that unemployment spiralled upwards once more.

93
Q

What damaged Roosevelt

A

the 1937 recession

94
Q

The public opinion of Roosevelt in 1937-1940

A

The 1937 recession damaged Roosevelt badly.
Middle-class voters lost confidence in him.
As a result, in 1938 the Republicans once again did well in the congressional elections.
Now it was much harder for Roosevelt to push his reforms through Congress.
Yet, he was still enormously popular with most ordinary Americans (elected again by large majority in 1940).
The problem was the USA was no longer united behind his New Deal as they had in 1933.
By 1940 Roosevelt and most Americans were focusing more on the outbreak of war in Europe and on Japan’s exploits in the Far East.

95
Q

What restored the faith of the American people in their government

A

the new deal. It was a huge social and economic program.

96
Q

Who was the secretary of the interior

A

Harold Ickes, he tapped the phones of his employees too make sure there was no corruption

97
Q

Who was accused of being communist

A

Roosevelt and his officials

98
Q

What did the New Deal do to the local government

A

it undermined it, this is because it made the government less powerful

99
Q

The new deal’s impact on industrial workers

A

they strengthens the position of labour unions
Roosevelt’s government generally tried to support unions and make large corporations negotiate with them
Some unions combined as the committee for industrial organisation (CIO) in 1935 - large enough to bargain with big corporations

100
Q

why were unions treated with suspicion by employers

A

This is because there have been many strikes

101
Q

Impact on the economy that the New Deal had

A

created millions of jobs
It stabilised the American banking system
it cut the number of business failures
They never solved any underlying economic problems

8========D

102
Q

Why did the US economy take longer to recover than that of most European countries

A

Confidence was low

6 million unemployed in 1941

103
Q

Impact of the new deal on African Americans

A

200,000 of them gained benefits from the CCC and other new deal slum agencies and relief programmes

104
Q

How many black workers were unemployed

A

35 percent in 1935

Also, domestic workers were not included in the social security act

105
Q

Impact of the new deal on women

A

the new deal saw some women achieve prominent positions, such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Mary Macleod Bethune, and Frances Perkins.
Local governments tried to avoid paying out social security payments to women by introducing special qualifications and conditions

106
Q

Impact of the new deal on native americans

A

The IRA (Indian reservation act) 1934 provided money to help Native Americans to buy and improve land and control their own tribal areas. They also helped Native Americans preserve their culture. They remained an excluded part of society

107
Q

Was the new deal a success?

A

In 1940, unemployment was still high and the economy was not booming

108
Q

What did Roosevelt implement in the second new deal

A

the works progress administration
Wagner act
Social security act

Year 11 second half (42 decks)

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