Biology

Question 1

Structure of the eye and functions

Answer 1

the eye is a sense organ
It contains receptor cells that are sensitive to
light: rod cells
Colour: cone cells

Question 2

Cornea

Answer 2

Transparent lens that refracted light as it enters the eye

Question 3

iris

Answer 3

Controls how much light enters the pupil

Question 4

lens

Answer 4

Transparent disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina

Question 5

Retina

Answer 5

Contains light receptor cells - rods detect light intensity and cones detect colour

Question 6

Optic nerve

Answer 6

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

Question 7

pupil

Answer 7

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

Question 8

the pupil reflex

Answer 8

The muscles of the iris control how much light enters the eye, depending on whether we are in a bright or dim environment.

Question 9

What are the two types of receptor cells in the retina

Answer 9

rods which are sensitive to dim light

Cones which distinguish between different colours in bright light

Question 10

Hormone

Answer 10

a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

Question 11

what are the glands that produce hormones in animals called

Answer 11

endocrine system

Question 12

Growth hormone

Answer 12

regulates growth and physical development. It can stimulate growth in almost all of your tissues. Its primary targets are bones and muscles

Question 13

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 13

This hormoneactivates your thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Your thyroid gland and the hormones it produces are crucial for metabolism.

Question 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Answer 14

This hormonestimulates your adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other hormones.

Question 15

Follicle-stimulating hormone.

Answer 15

is involved with oestrogen secretion and the growth of egg cells in women. It’s also important for sperm cell production in men

Question 16

Luteinising hormone

Answer 16

is involved in the production of estrogen in women and testosterone in men.

Question 17

Adrenaline is known as

Answer 17

the fight or flight hormone as it isproduced in situations where the body may be in danger

Question 18

What does adrenaline do to the body

Answer 18

Increasing blood glucose concentrationforincreased respiration in muscle cells
Increasing pulse rateandbreathing rateso glucose and oxygen can bedelivered to muscle cells, and carbon dioxide taken away, from muscles cellsmore quickly
Diverting blood flow towards musclesand away from non-essential parts of the body such as the alimentary canal; again to ensure the reactants of respiration are as available as possible
Dilating pupilsto allow as much light as possible to reach the retina somore information can be sent to the brain

Question 19

Problems that can be caused by malnutrition

Answer 19

constipiation
Coronary heart disease
obesity

Question 20

Which tissue in the stem does liquid travel through to reach the petals?

Answer 20

xylem

Question 21

Describe the correct sequence for the movement of blood in a mammal

Answer 21

body -> heart -> lungs -> heart

Question 22

Describe species

Answer 22

a group of organisms that reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 23

Two features of most reptiles

Answer 23

Fertilisation is internal

Lay eggs

Question 24

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant leaves by _______

Answer 24

Evaporation

Question 25

the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration

Answer 25

As humidity increases the rate of transpiration decreases

Question 26

State the name of vessels that transport water in plants

Answer 26

xylem

Question 27

State the name of the cells where water enter a plant

Answer 27

root hair cell

Question 28

Two other parts of the large intestine

Answer 28

Colon, Rectum

Question 29

Which structure carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system

Answer 29

motor nerve

Question 30

Describe a simple reflex arc

Answer 30

For example, a simple reflex arc happens if we accidentally touch something hot. Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature). Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to a relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord of the CNS

Question 31

State the name of the junction between two neurones

Answer 31

synapse

Question 32

Diabetes type 1

Answer 32

a condition where the blood glucose levels are not able to be regulated as the insulin secreting cells in the pancreas are not able to produce insulin

Question 33

State the storage carbohydrate made from glucose in liver cells

Answer 33

Glycogen

Question 34

two ways the body releases water

Answer 34

Sweating | Excreting

Question 35

Name the part of the body which coordinates the changes in the skin to keep the body temperature at 37 °C

Answer 35

Brain

Question 36

List three stimuli that are detected by sense organs.

Answer 36

light sound temperature

Question 37

the process that allows the eye to view objects at different distances.

Answer 37

accommodation

Question 38

the part of the eye that has the highest concentration of light-sensitive cells and gives the most detailed image.

Answer 38

fovea

Question 39

State the name of the organ that produces adrenaline

Answer 39

adrenal (gland)

Question 40

Define drugs

Answer 40

A substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions

Question 41

define the use of antibiotics

Answer 41

The treatment of bacterial infection

Question 42

Are all bacteria resistant to antibiotics

Answer 42

Some bacteria are resistant but others are not

Question 43

The effects of excessive alcohol consumption and abuse of heroin

Answer 43

you have less self control You are worse at driving You feel numb more likely to commit crime

Question 44

What infection can you get from heroin

Answer 44

HIV

Question 45

What can excessive alcohol consumption cause

Answer 45

liver damage

Question 46

What can tobacco smoking cause

Answer 46

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, coronary heart disease.

Question 47

What is the site of break down of alcohol and other toxins

Answer 47

the liver

Question 48

What does heroin do to the nervous system

Answer 48

It slows down the nervous system

Question 49

what do medical drugs do

Answer 49

They relive pain

Question 50

How do antibiotics work

Answer 50

Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria or stopping them from multiplying. This helps the body's natural immune system to fight the bacterial infection. Different antibiotics work against different types of bacteria.

Question 51

why do antibiotics not kill viruses

Answer 51

Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because viruses have different structures and replicate in a different way than bacteria

Question 52

how do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 52

Bacteria develop resistance mechanisms by using instructions provided by their DNA. Often, resistance genes are found within plasmids, small pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions from one germ to another. This means that some bacteria can share their DNA and make other germs become resistant

Question 53

how can we minimise the number of bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 53

Minimise unnecessary prescribing and overprescribing of antibiotics. ... Complete the entire course of any prescribed antibiotic so that it can be fully effective and not breed resistance. Practise good hygiene such as hand-washing and use appropriate infection control procedures.

Question 54

The effects of the abuse of heroin

Answer 54

heroin is a powerful depressant It is a narcotic, producing a dream like feeling of relaxation and reducing severe pain it is very addictive The body develops a tolerance for the drug, so people increase the amount they take. Thus leading to death by overdose

Question 55

withdrawal symptoms of heroin

Answer 55

Cramp, insomnia, vomiting, sweating, hallucinations

Question 56

Describe two effects of adrenaline on the body

Answer 56

increased rate of breathing | increased pulse and heart rate

Question 57

hormone released from the b a l l z

Answer 57

Testosterone

Question 58

Effects of small amounts of alcohol on body

Answer 58

• Small amounts – alcohol can relax the body and create a sense of wellbeing

Question 59

negative effects of alcohol

Answer 59

* Poor judgments may leads to criminal activity and sexual promiscuity. * Long-term excessive drinking can lead to addiction (alcoholism). * This can lead to financial difficulties and family problems. * As the liver removes alcohol from the blood, heavy drinking can leas to liver damage such as cirrhosis • Drinking can cause brain damage, peptic ulcers in the stomach and obesity.

Question 60

What is phototropism

Answer 60

Plant’s response to light

Question 61

What does the colours in urine mean

Answer 61

Dark yellow: Drink more water Light yellow or clear: You are hydrated enough Pee can be dark if you exercise, or if it is too hot.

Question 62

the role of the liver

Answer 62

The assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins

Question 63

deamination

Answer 63

The removal of nitrogen containing part of amino acids to form urea

Question 64

why do we need excretion

Answer 64

helps make the urea less toxic

Question 65

The structure of the kidney

Answer 65

the cortex, medulla, ureter.

Question 66

Why is kidney transplant better than dialysis

Answer 66

it is more convenient

Question 67

One substance that is excreted from the lungs and where it is produced

Answer 67

CO2, produced in cells

Question 68

One excretory substance that is removed by the kidneys, that contains nitrogen

Answer 68

urea

Question 69

Name the structure within a kidney that filters the blood

Answer 69

glomerulus

Question 70

The name of the mechanism that controls homeostasis

Answer 70

Negative feedback

Question 71

Two features of prokaryotes

Answer 71

no nucleus | Cell wall