HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Flashcards
The ___________ and the __________ are proof that projects of tremendous scope, employing tens of thousands of people, were completed in ancient times. It took more than 100,000 workers some 20 years to construct a single pyramid.
Egyptian pyramids
Great Wall of China
to plan what was to be done, organize people and materials to do it, make sure those workers got the work done, and impose some controls to ensure that everything was done as plan
managers
major economic and trade center in the 1400s
city of Venice
The _________ developed an early form of
business enterprise and engaged in many activities common to today’s organizations.
Venetians
the Venetians used _____________ to keep track of materials, human resource management functions to manage the labor force (including wine breaks), and an accounting system to keep track of revenues
and costs.
warehouse and inventory systems
In 1776, Adam Smith published ____________, in which he argued the economic
advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job
specialization) - that is, breaking down jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.
The Wealth of Nations
Smith concluded that division of labor increased productivity by increasing each worker’s skill and dexterity, saving time lost in changing tasks, and creating labor-saving inventions and machinery
true
Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human
power, a point in history known as the__________, it became more economical to
manufacture goods in factories rather than at home
industrial revolution
would need formal theories to guide them in running these large organizations
managers
someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities, and so forth
managers
“Father of Scientific Management”
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done by:
a. Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment
b. Having a standardized method of doing the job
c. Providing an economic incentive to the worker
Theory of Scientific Management
Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motion
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management?
Use time and motion studies to increase productivity.
Hire the best qualified employees.
Design incentive systems based on output
Believed that the practice of management was distinct from other organizational
functions. His belief that management was an activity common to all business endeavors,
government, and even the home led him to develop 14 principles of management—
fundamental rules of management that could be applied to all organizational situations
and taught in schools.
Henri Fayol
He developed a theory of authority structures and relations based on an ideal type of
organization he called a bureaucracy—a form of organization characterized by division
of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal
relationships
Max Weber
The field of study that researches the actions (behavior) of people at work is called
organizational behavior (OB). Much of what managers do today when managing
people—motivating, leading, building trust, working with a team, managing conflict, and
so forth—has come out of OB research.
Without question, the most important contribution to the OB field came out of the
Hawthorne Studies.
Behavioral Approach
Based on research in space time geometry, one airline innovated a unique boarding process called
__________ that has saved at least 2 minutes in boarding time.9 This is an example of the ___________, which is the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. This approach also is known as ____________
“reverse pyramid”
quantitative approach
management science
involves applying statistics, optimization models, information models, computer simulations, and other quantitative techniques to management activities.
Quantitative approach
is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation decisions
Linear programming
Work scheduling can be more efficient as a result of ___________________. The economic order quantity model helps managers determine
optimum inventory levels
critical path scheduling analysis
TQM
Total quality management
a management philosophy devoted to continual
improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations
Total quality management
includes anyone who interacts with the organization’s product or services internally or externally
customer
someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
manager
Manage the work of no managerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers.
First-Line Managers
Manage the work of first-line managers and can be found between the lowest and top levels of the organization
Middle Manager
Responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization
Top Manager
do their work in organizations
managers
It’s a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose
organization