Historical Antecedents of Science, Technology and Society Flashcards
What Latin word does ‘science’ originate from?
scientia
Science comes from the Latin word scientia, what does it mean?
Knowledge
A discovery of regularity in nature (principles and law of natural phenomena) - J.Heilbron (2003)
Science
A systemized body of knowledge based on facts, observation, and experimentation
Science
Technology comes from what Greek word?
Techne
Technology comes from the Greek word techne, what does it mean?
Art or skill
Application of scientific knowledge
Technology
______ and ____ indeed play a major role in everyday life
Science and Technology
- make complicated tasks easier
- allows people to do more with so little time
Science and technology
One of the most significant development of science and technology
Transporation
- allows people to go places and discover new horizons
- for food and to find better locations to settle
- to trade their surplus goods in exchange for the things they lacked
Transportion
Assisted the people in their journeys
Navigation
Facilitates trade and prevent conflicts
Communication
- to remember the places they had been to
- to document the trades they made
- so they could establish their identities as they tried to related with other cultures and civilization
Record keeping
- higher number of nations = higher demand for food and necessities
- people need to produce their needs using limited resources
Mass production
- use of weapons and armors (development of these are considered as their major achievements.)
- to prevent common conflicts especially in different groups or cultures
Security and protection
- “conservation of life”
- given this predicament, science and technology played a major role in discovery of cures and prevention of illnesses
Health
- focuses on the construction (transportation, establishments for protection, different infrastructures.)
- addresses their specific needs and wants
Engineering
Known as the first writing system
Cuneiform
A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments
Cuneiform
Allowed Sumerians to keep records with historical value
Cuneiform
*Irrigation and Dikes
Mesopotamian Civilization
Through the use of ____, water was supplied in the (Mesopotamian civilization) city
Irrigation canals and dikes
- Surface water came from the Euphrates and Tigris River
- Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works
Irrigation and Dikes
What civilization started the irrigation and dikes, sailboats, water mill, wheels, the plow, roads?
Mesopotamian Civilization
- does not need much human resource
- essential in transportation and trading as well as fostering culture, information, and technology
Sailboat
- commonly used in agricultural process like milling grains for food processing
- rice, cereals, and flours
- less time and effort to operate
Water mill
The first wheels were (not or is) made for transporation
Not
Wheels were first used in _____
3500 BC
- created in 3000 BCE
- advantages of using the plow in farming
The plow
____ developed the first roads.
* they developed roads with the same technology that they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid on the grounds.
* the invention of roads was very useful especially when raining seasons
Sumerians
Located in North Africa. Aside from Engineering technology, they have contributed other practical things in the world now considers as essential
Egyptian civilization
Before the Egyptian civilization, clay tablets were used to write, but they were too heavy and break so the Egyptians used ______
Paper or papyrus
Made from wood smoke and animal fat, thickened with gelatin from skins or different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. It must withstand the element of nature and tamper proof
Ink
System of writing of egyptian
Hieroglyphics
- system of writing using symbols
- egyptian believed that this writing system was provided by their gods
Hieroglyphics
- The language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient egyptians
- most commonly seen inside the pyramids
Hieroglyphics
- used for both health and aesthetic reasons
- egyptians wore kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases
- protection from evil and a sign of holiness
cosmetics
- worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes
- used to protect the shaved heads of the wealth egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun
- considered cleaner than natural hair
wig
Invented by the Roman civilization
* utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other
* the amount of water remaining determines how much time has elapsed since full
Water clock/clepsydra
- known as the birthplace of western philosophy and mathematics
- contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology
greek civilization
- invented by the ancient greeks
- purpose to stop or when to stop and individual
- Plato utilized this to signal the start of his lecture
- used 4 water vessels lined up vertically
Alarm clock
- one of the major contribution of the the romans
Newspapers
Contain announcement of the roman empire to the people
Gazettes
Stone tables or metal then to paper
Roman civilization newspaper
- paper -> easier for civilizations
- documenting historical events and newly legislated laws
- literature
Bound books or codex
Papyrus = pages of books
animal skin = cover of books
Bound books or codex
One of the most visual contribution of the ancient Roman Empire continuing the legacy of the greek architecture due to its resemblances
Roman architecture
- considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world
- famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade
- not a great amount was written about the ancient time of this civilization due to its distance from the other civilization
Chinese Civilization
- naturally produced by silk worms
- the chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing
- trade of this bridged the gap between the western and the middle kingdom
Silk
- originally focused at a goal to create an elixir that can be used or cause immortality but instead it became the source of bullet propellant for most gun weaponry and fireworks to date
Black-powder
This is a chinese official working in the imperial court during the Han dynasty and is attributed with the invention of paper
Cai Lun (202 BCE - 220 CE)
After the battle of talas in 751 CE, during which the chinese were defeated, two chinese prisoners are believed to have leaked the secret to making paper. A ____ was soon established, and many refinements were made to the process
paper mill
Period of time of history of new systems, warfare, education, and religious conflicts
Medieval
3 periods of medieval period
- dark ages/early middle ages (401-1000AD/CE)
- high middle ages (1001-1300AD/CE)
- late middle ages (1301-1500AD/CE)
- were used to harness the power of the wind to generate useful energy for humans
- also used to pump water from a well and traditionally used for processing grains
- nowadays, modern ____ turn wind energy into electrical power
Water and windmills
Derived from the Italian words quaranta giorni
Quarantine
quaranta means?
40 days
- separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick
- function of this is to stop or limit the spread of disease
Quarantine
A machine by which text and images are transferred to paper or other media by means of ink, using a method known as block printing , in which wooden blocks are coated with ink and pressed to sheets of paper
Printing press
Instead of using wood blocks, ____ used metal instead for printing press
Gutenberg
This became known as a “moveable type machine,” since the metal block letters could be moved around to create new words and sentences
Printing press
Gutenburg made the very first printed book, which was naturally a reproduction of the ____
Bible
- medium of exchange
- store of value
- unit of account
Paper money
Use for transaction-related purposes of goods and services
Medium of exchange
Money must hold its value over time, in order to be a medium of exchange
Store of value
Providing common measure of the value of goods and services
Unit of account
- to improve the vision of people who have vision problems
- corrects the focus of the eyes
- helps us to see better
Eyeglasses
- invented between the 1280s AD and 1300 AD in Italy
- there is no evidence that exists to prove who is the original inventor
Eyeglasses
Medieval ____ are not easy to wear - either to hold them while using it or exerting pressure on the nose to keep them in place
Eyeglasses
- device used to determine the cardinal points of the Earth, namely north, south, east, and west
- device was vitally important to sailors, and navigators since the days of classical antiquity
Compass
Establishments that primarily serve coffee. Serve as hubs for exchanging ideas and conducting business in the middle ages
Coffee house
Parts of mechanical clock
- source of energy that can produce rotary motion
- a regulator
- a display
a pendulum measures time precisely and without variations. the escapement system, linked to the pendulum, enables control of the rate of energy release
A regulator of mechanical clock
Graduations and needles (“hands”) provide access to the measured information
A display of the mechanical clock
Function of heavy plough
- to turn and break up soil
- to bury crop residues
- to help control weed growth
Turned European agriculture and economy on its best
Heavy plough
Used in today grenades, rockets, guns, etc. Usually used for military purposes to defend our country
Gun powder
Inventor of LED light in 1962
Nick Holonyak
Semiconductor device made up of gallium arsenide phosphide that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The output can range from red to blue-violet according to its wavelength
LED light
Originally discovered as an option for general lighting. Also to reduce the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light
LED light
Invented by Raymond Vahan Damadian
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scanner
Who invented the MRI scanner
Raymond Vahan Damadian
Radiologic way of forming images of the anatomy and physiological processes of the human body in both health and disease
MRI scanner
Damadian used the concept of NMR which uses magnetic field gradients and creates 2D images. He adjusted specific frequencies and used sensitive point in spatial localization to obtain 3D imaging
MRI scanner
Need for the development of MRI
Further knowledge and early detection of cancer cells
Inventor of telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
Device that converts sound and electrical waves into audible relays, and is used for communication
Telephone
In researching ways to teach the deaf, he experimented with transmitting sound via electricity. he applied for a form of patent on march 7, 1876. 3 days later, he performed a demonstration of the new device, speaking the words, “_____”
“Mr. Watson, come here, I want you”
Why is there a need for discovery of telephone at that time?
Helped improve communication between people at a distance
Who invented touch sensitive devices?
Samuel G. Hurst
For the evolution of handheld devices
Touch sensitive devices
Used electrically conductive paper to read a pair of x- and y-coordinates.
Led to the first touch screen for a computer
Why is there a need for the discovery of touch sensitive devices
For Hurst’s students to compute in a few hours what otherwise had taken days to accomplish
Who invented the credit card?
Frank McNamara
Allows you to borrow cash
Credit card
How was credit cart discovered/invented?
When McNamara forgot his wallet at a dinner in a restaurant
Need for the invention of credit card
So that a costumer can eat without bringing money
Who invented the bicycle
Comte de Several
Function: swiftwalker
Bicycle
It was like a scooter with wooden wheels and you pushed it with your fee. You also stopped it with your feet
Bicycle
Need for the invention of bicycle
People could get around faster and not have use horses. could get you to places quicker
Who invented bionic arm (bioprosthetics)
david glow
Gives replacement to arm to those who lost their arm from an accident, disease, or war
Bionic arm (bioprosthetics)
Need for the discovery of bionic arm
Makes amputees “feel” normal, and live more forgiving than having no arms which is a very important part of our body
Inventor of Benz Patent Motorwagon
Karl Benz
Purpose of Benz Patent Motorwagon
Transportation
Why is there a need for Benz Patent Motorwagon
Because previous automobiles are slow and can easily overheat so that is why he made a car that has an electrical ignition, water-cooled internal combustion engine, and different gear
Who invented 3d printing
Chuck W. Hull (1984)
Turns digital files containing 3d data - whether created on a CAD or CAM program, or from a 3D scanner - into physical objects
3d printing
How was 3d printing invented
Chuck hit on the idea to take advantage of UV technology to make small prototypes
Inventor of WWW?
Tim Berners Lee
An information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the internet
World wide web
Inventor of transatlantic telegram
Guglielmo Marconi
First long-distance wireless communication and it is a wireless or radio
Transatlantic telegram
Inventors of Wi-Fi
John O’ Sullivan, Terrence Percival, Diethelm Ostry, John Deane, Graham Daniels
Technology that uses radio waves to provide network connectivity
Wi-Fi
