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COPUB > HISTOLOGY (THE CELL) > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY (THE CELL) Flashcards

1
Q

2 MAJOR components of cells

A

CYTOPLASM AND CELL MEMBRANE

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2
Q

located outside the nucleus

contains organelles and inclusions

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

fluid surrounding the cytoplasm bathing metabolically active structures
(organelles) which can either be membranous or nonmembranous

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

contains hundreds of enzymes (eg. is the glycolytic pathway) that produce
building blocks for larger molecules and break down small molecules to liberate
energy

A

Cytosol

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5
Q

Largest organelle within the cell
Contains the genome (along with enzymes necessary for DNA replication and
RNA transcription)

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

associated with ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis and modification of
newly synthesized proteins

A

Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

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7
Q

basophilic staining is caused by RNA [portion of cytoplasm that is stained with the basic
dye is referred to as ergastoplasm

A

Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

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8
Q

is highly developed in active secretory cells (cells that synthesize proteins destined to
leave the cells) such as plasma cells, glandular cells, osteoblasts

A

Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

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9
Q

involved in lipid and steroid synthesis but not associated with ribosomes

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)/Sarcoplasmic

reticulum

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10
Q

functions in lipid metabolism

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)/Sarcoplasmic

reticulum

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11
Q

well developed in cells that synthesize and secrete steroids such as adrenocortical cells
and testicular Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)/Sarcoplasmic

reticulum

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12
Q

well-developed in the liver and contains a variety of detoxifying enzymes (they modify
and detoxify hydrophobic compounds such as pesticides and carcinogens by chemically
converting them into water soluble-conjugated products that can be eliminated from the
body)

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)/Sarcoplasmic

reticulum

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13
Q

also involved in:
glycogen metabolism
membrane forming and recycling

A

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)/Sarcoplasmic

reticulum

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14
Q

responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intracellular or
extracellular transport
functions in the post-translational modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

are rich in hydrolytic enzymes (enzymes are synthesized in the rER and sorted in the
Golgi apparatus)
represents a major digestive compartment in the cell

A

Lysosomes

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16
Q

agent used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, is a lysosomotropic agent
that accumulates in the lysosomes

A

Chloroquine

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17
Q

raises the pH of the lysosomal content = inactivates lysosomal enzymes
the drug concentrates in the acidic food vacuole of the malaria parasite (P.
falciparum) and interferes with its digestive processes, eventually killing the parasite

A

Chloroquine

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18
Q

have lysosomes that contain phagocytized bacteria and fragments of damaged cells

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

azurophilic granules represent lysosomes (in acute inflammation,
lysosomal enzymes are released directly into the extracellular space)

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

is a debris-filled vacuole produced by the hydrolytic breakdown of the
contents of lysosomes that may remain for the entire life of the cell.

A

Residual bodies

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21
Q

in neurons, residual bodies are referred to as

A

age pigment/lipofuscin granules

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22
Q

absence of certain lysosomal enzymes can cause the pathologic accumulation of
undigested substrate in residual bodies leading to several

A

lysosomal storage

diseases

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23
Q

absence of beta hexosaminidase that catalyzes a

step in lysosomal breakdown of gangliosides in neurons

A

Tay-sachs disease

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24
Q

provide most of the energy to the cell by producing adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) in the process of oxidative phosphorylation — major site of ATP
synthesis

A

Mitochondria

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25
Q

a closed circular molecule that contains 13 enzymes
involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs (used in the
translation of mitochondrial mRNA)

A

mitochondrial DNA

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26
Q

mitochondrias are present in all cells except

A

RBCs and terminal keratinocytes

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27
Q

surrounds a space called the matrix; rich in cardiolipin (makes the cell
impermeable to ions)
performs 3 important functions:
oxidation reactions of the respiratory electron-transport chain
synthesizes ATP
regulate transport of metabolites into and out of the matrix

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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28
Q

is in close contact with the cytoplasm; contains many voltage-dependent
anion channels (are permeable to uncharged molecules as large as 5000
daltons—allows passage of small molecule, ions, and metabolites but
cannot penetrate inner membrane)

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

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29
Q 
(part of mitochondria)
space between the two membranes
contains specific enzymes that use the ATP generated in the inner
membrane such as:
creatine kinase
adenylate kinase
cytochrome c (important in apoptosis)
contains enzymes for β-oxidation of fatty acids and the citric acid
(Krebs) cycle
A

Intermembrane space

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30
Q

small organelles involved in the production and degradation of H2O2 and degradation of
fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

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31
Q

form the cytoskeleton (together with actin and intermediate filaments)

A

Microtubules

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32
Q

the continuous elongation (by adding tubulin dimers) and

shortening (by removing tubulin dimers)—constant remodeling process

A

dynamic instability

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33
Q

create a system of connections within the cell

A

Microtubules

34
Q

Molecular motor proteins - participate in the movement of organelles and other
cytoplasmic structures; includes

A

Dyneins and Kinesins

35
Q

Are part of the cytoskeleton; classified into actin filaments, myosin, intermediate filaments

36
Q

are flexible chains of actin molecules; present virtually in all cell types

A

Actin filaments

37
Q

free actin molecules

A

G-actin (globular actin)

38
Q

polymerized actin

A

F-actin (filamentous actin)

39
Q

(filaments)
changes in length and interactions with binding proteins regulate cytoplasmic
viscosity and movement

A

Actin filaments

40
Q

bind and move along actin filaments, carrying vesicles or producing cytoplasmic
movement

A

Myosin (Myofilaments)

41
Q

in muscle cells, 2 types of myofilaments are present:

A

thin filaments and thick

filaments

42
Q
  • contained by nonmuscle cells (melanocytes, kidney and intestinal
    absorptive cells, nerve growth cones, and inner ear hair cells
43
Q

predominant protein in muscle cells

44
Q

most stable cytoskeletal component, conferring strong mechanical
stability to cells

A

Intermediate filaments

45
Q

most widely distributed intermediate filament protein in the body

46
Q
  • form a network-like structure that is associated with the nuclear
    envelope
47
Q

contain intermediate filament proteins that are

expressed mostly in axons of nerve cells

A

neurofilament proteins

48
Q

most diverse groups of intermediate filaments; are especially
important in epithelial cells

49
Q 
structures essential for protein synthesis and composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and
ribosomal proteins (including proteins attached to membranes of the rER and proteins
free in the cytoplasm)
50
Q

where translation occurs (coded message contained in the mRNA is read by ribosomal
complexes to form a polyribosome complex/polysome—produces simultaneously many
copies of a particular protein

51
Q

reside within the cytoplasm; are not associated with any intracellular
membranes

A

free ribosomes

52
Q

formed from metabolic products

A

Inclusions

53
Q

accumulate as a result of cell senescence
(aging); seen in nondividing cells such as neurons and skeletal and cardiac
muscle cells

A

Lipofuscin (wear-and-tear pigment) -

54
Q
  • formed by the indigestible residues of

hemoglobin; most seen in spleen (where aged RBCs are phagocytosed)

A

Hemosiderin (iron-storage complex)

55
Q

a highly branched polymer used as a storage material for glucose;
mostly seen in liver and striated muscle cells

56
Q
  • provide energy for cellular metabolism; in
    adipocytes, compressing the other formed organelles into a thin rim at the margin of
    the cell
A

Lipid inclusions (fat droplets)

57
Q

lipid droplets may accumulate in abnormal locations or in

abnormal amounts

A

lipid storage diseases

58
Q

refers to the molecular organization of the plasma membrane
made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and oligosaccharide chains covalently
linked to phospholipid and protein molecules

A

Modified fluid-mosaic model

59
Q

refers to the formation of lipid molecules with an amphipathic character (both
hydrophobic and hydrophilic) — position of lipids makes it more stable

A

Lipid Bilayer

60
Q

hydrophobic (having no affinity for water)

A

inner portion of membrane

61
Q
  • hydrophilic (have an affinity for water); charged polar head
A

surface of membrane

62
Q

are embedded within the plasma membrane; constitute approx. half of the total
membrane mass

A

Protein Molecules

63
Q

carbohydrates attached to lipids

A

Glycolipids

64
Q

Glycoproteins + Glycolipids

A

Cell Coat (Glycocalyx)

65
Q

constitute a layer at the surface of the cell

A

Cell Coat (Glycocalyx)

66
Q

control the movement and distribution of proteins within the lipid bilayer
have higher concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids which reduce lipid
fluidity

A

Lipid Rafts

67
Q

contains DNA in the form of linear arrays of genes

68
Q

determine most of an organism’s characteristics

69
Q

are discrete collections of genes and nuclear proteins.

A

Chromosomes

70
Q

consists of 46 chromosomes

A

entire human karyotype,

71
Q

is a selectively permeable membranous barrier that separates the nuclear compartment
and the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

72
Q

perforate the nuclear membranes; mediate the active transport of
proteins, ribonucleoproteins, and RNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

73
Q

is an internal meshwork composed of lamins (intermediate filament
subunits) residing underneath the nuclear membrane; is essential in many nuclear
activities such as DNA replication, transcription, and gene regulation

A

Nuclear lamina

74
Q

is a combination of DNA and its associated proteins

75
Q

is the further folding of chromatin (such as that occurring in mitosis)

A

Chromosomes

76
Q

complexes of basic proteins on which DNA molecules wrap around to form
nucleosomes

77
Q

2 forms of chromatin

A

Euchromatin, Heterochromatin

78
Q

stains lightly; DNA active in transcription [chromatin is stretched out
so that the genetic information in the DNA can be read and transcribed]; prominent in metabolically active cells such as neurons and liver cells

A

Euchromatin

79
Q
  • stains darkly; inactive chromatin; predominant in metabolically
    inactive cells such as small circulating lymphocytes and sperm or in cells that
    produce one major product such as plasma cells
A

Heterochromatin

80
Q

found in both euchromatin and heterochromatin and in chromosomes
formed from the coiling of the DNA molecule around a protein core (shortens DNA
by approx. sevenfold relative to the unfolded DNA molecule)
Under the TEM, appear as ‘beads on a string’

A

Nucleosomes

81
Q

is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly

COPUB (9 decks)

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