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Medicine Phase 1 mine > Histology- SUGER > Flashcards

Histology- SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

How many nephrons are there in the kidney?

A

1million per nephron

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2
Q

What are the areas of the kidney?

A

The cortex medulla and pelvis

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3
Q

What does the cortex look like under the microscome?

A

Glomeruli and DCT and PCT

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4
Q

What are medullary ray?

A

Loops of henle that are alligned in the cortex

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5
Q

What does the renal medulla look like /

A

There are lots of loops of henle they are radially orientated so can be cut in odd ways, thre are also blood vessels

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6
Q

What does the glomerulus look like?

A

a bulb of small cells with a space around it

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7
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Suport cells of the glomerulus

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8
Q

What type of capillaries are in the glomerulus?

A

Podocytes

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9
Q

how can the basement membrane be seen easily?

A

PAS shows it

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10
Q

What is the basement membrane like in the glomerulus?

A

Basement membrane of the capillary which is fused with the endothelial and podocytes

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11
Q

What are the areas of basement mebrane?

A

Lamina lucida and lamina densa

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12
Q

What are macula densa?

A

Cells of the DCT the measure

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13
Q

What is macula densa used for?

A

Glomerulotubular feedback based on sodiu reabsorpion which changes the flow through the blood vessels

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14
Q

What does PCT look like?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium central round nucleu brush border of microvilli, dark pink cytoplasm from mitochondria.

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15
Q

What does the loop of henle look like?

A

Thin areas are simple squamous and thick low cuboidal suplied by vasa recta

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16
Q

What does the DCT look like?

A

Low cuboidal scanty microvilli mitochondria

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17
Q

What does the collecting duct look like?

A

Cuboidal epithelium, Plumper epithelium large round nuclei

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18
Q

What are the two types of cells on the collecting duct?

A

The principal cells and intercallated alpha and beta

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19
Q

What is aquaporin 2

A

protein used in loosing

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20
Q

What is the blood supplu to kidney?

A

Renal arteryL1 segmental artereis, interlobar then arcuate arteries interlobular arteries then afferent arteriole

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21
Q

What happens to blood vessles after the glomerulus

A

efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries and into medula casa recta into renal veins and then IVC

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22
Q

What is urothelium?

A

It is in renal pelvis ureter urethra and bladder

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23
Q

What does urothelium look like?

A

Complex it is sttratified. has a single layer of umbrella cells with tight junctions to be waterproof. uner this there is a pseudostratifed layer basal layr of cuboidal cells

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24
Q

What structure are the ueters?

A

They are muscular with urothelium

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25
Q

What is the arrangement of muscle of ureter?

A

Inner layer is longditudinal and outer circular

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26
Q

What are the layers of the bladder?

A

urothelium lamina propria, muscuaris mucosa submucosa muscularis propria subserosa and serosa

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27
Q

How any layers are in bladder muscle?

A

3

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28
Q

How long is the femal urethra?

A

4-5cm long

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29
Q

what is the epithelium of the urethra like

A

Proximaly urothelium distally squamous

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30
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

20cm

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31
Q

Wat are the three sections of the male urethra?

A

prostatic membranous and penile

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32
Q

What is the prostatic urethra like?

A

urothelium

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33
Q

What is the membranous urethra like?

A

urothelium

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34
Q

What is the penile urethra like?

A

pseudostratifies proxiamlly, stratifies quamous distally

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35
Q

What is the average weight of he testis?

A

15-19g

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36
Q

What are the three layers of covering of the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis mesothelial cells, tunica albuginea, collagen fibres with some fibroblasts, myocytes and nerve firbes and the tunica vasuclosa that contains blood vessels and lymphatics

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37
Q

What is the passage of sperm?

A

Seminiferous tubules straight tubest rete testis to efferent tucts and eppiddimis then into the vas defferens past ejaculatory duct then into urethra into prostate

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38
Q

How many lobules are thre in the testis?

A

250

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39
Q

What cells are in the seminiferous tubule?

A

Sertoli cells, germ cells

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40
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Columnar cells in BM they support the sperm development they have distinct nucleolus

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41
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

helps spermmotility it is like a tail

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42
Q

Where are leydig cells?

A

Around the intersitium of the seminiferous tubules

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43
Q

What is epithelium of rete testis?

A

Simple squamous or low columnar epithelium

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44
Q

How many efferent ducts can there be?

A

12-25

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45
Q

How long is the epididius?

A

5m but around 4-5cm

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46
Q

What is the epithelium of the epididymis?

A

Thick BM tall columnar long atypical cilia

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47
Q

What is the structure of the vas defferens?

A

30-4-cm long distal is enlarged to form the ampulla lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium comprising of columnar and basal cells 3 layered muscle wall

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48
Q

What is the weight of the prostate?

A

20g

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49
Q

What does the prostate surround?

A

The bladder neck and prostatic urethra

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50
Q

What are the lobes of the prostate?

A

Anterior middle posterior and lateral x2

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51
Q

What are the zones of the prostate?

A

Peripheral and central zone

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52
Q

What is the composition of prostatic tissue?

A

Large primary small secondary ducts and acini with convoluted edges

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53
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Paired coiled glands, it empties into ejaculatory duct, it has tall non-cilliated columnar epithelium vacuoles and lipofucin

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54
Q

What is the most exterior layer of the ovary?

A

There is a layer of peritoneum

55
Q

What is the moust outer layer of the ovary itelf?

A

The turnica albuginea

56
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A

The spindle stroma cells in whorls pattern which have follicles and leutinised cells

57
Q

What is the ovarian medulla like?

A

It has loose fibroelastic tissue with blood vessels lymphatics and nerves and the rete ovarii at the hilum

58
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

At periphery if cortex, resting oocyte and surrounding squamous granulosa cells

59
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

primordial cells that have become FSH stimuated. THe granulosa becomes columnar/ cuboidal and the oocyte enlarges and stromal cells become a connective tissue sheath and the zona pellucida forms directly around the oocyte

60
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

Forationof antrum which are full of fluid, the stroma develops theca interna and theca externa internal sectrete oestrogen around the granulosa layer

61
Q

What is a Graafian folicle?

A

A mature folicle has a thick zona pellucida, granulosa around the oocyte the corona radiata witha basal lamina and theca interna and externa there is now a small stalk on the inside of the antrum which has the egg

62
Q

What is the cumulus ouufus?

A

the stem of granulosa cells that supports the ovum in the antrum

63
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Follicle converts into corpus luteum leutinisation(enlarge lipid cytoplasm) of the granlosa and theca cels occurs the secrete progesterone and oestroge.

64
Q

What happens t corpus of leutium if pregnancy doesnt ocur?

A

Becomes corpus albicans cells regress and forms fibrous tissue

65
Q

What is the structure of the fallopian tubes?

A

They have branching folds, 2 cell types secretory and cilliated epitelial, there is an inner circular muscle and outer longditudinal layer. then serosa

66
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tube?

A

Intramural inise uterine walls, isthmus thick walled ampulla that is expanded and infundibulum that opens into peritoneum and has fimbrae

67
Q

What are the two layers of the uterus?

A

The endometrium has stratum basalsi which is notaffected by hormones or lost
The stratum spongiousum that is menstruated

68
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle in the endometrium?

A

Proliferative phases from oestrogen stimulation
secretory phase under progesterone ation early mid and late
menstrual

69
Q

What are the signs of endometrium in proliferative phase?

A

Straight proliferating glands with mitotic activity no luminal secretions ans stromal cells are spindled and compact

70
Q

What is early secretory phase like?

A

sub-nuclear glycogen vacuoles

71
Q

What is mid secretory phase like?

A

vacuoles above and below nucleus intraluminal secretions appear the glands becoe more rounded and oedema

72
Q

What is late secretory phase like?

A

elongated saw toothed glands more secretions spiral arterioles and decidual change

73
Q

What is menstrual secretory phaase like?

A

withdrawn progesterone get stromal haemorrhage and granulocytes glandular fragmentation

74
Q

what is the structure of the myometrium/

A

3 ill defined layer

75
Q

What are the areas of the cervix/

A

The endocervix ectocervix junction is simplecolumnar to stratified can be at os

76
Q

What is the vagina like?

A

The mucosa nonkeratinising stratifed squamouswith elastic fibres and rich cascular network, muscualar wall and adventitia

77
Q

What are bartholin’s glands?

A

Tubulalveolar glands with mucous secreting alveoli

78
Q

What are minor vestibular glands?

A

Simple tubuar glands lined by mucus- secreting epithelium

79
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Barrier to infection, waterproofing, thermoregulation, protect from trauma, protect against UV- light, vitamin D synthesis sensation

80
Q

What is the epitdermis?

A

it is an epithelial layer, it has stratum basale single layer of cells

81
Q

What is the stratum basal of the epidermis?

A

The single layer of cells that lies on the basement membrane of the epidermmis it has stem cells, pigment making melanocytes, basal epithelial cells that are the stem cells

82
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

There are quite a lot they synthesis melanin to increase provide keratinocytes with the pigment using melanosomes in respones to MSH and ACTH

83
Q

What determines colour of skin?

A

The type and amount of melanin produced by the cells

84
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Main layer of epidermis that has intercellular adhesions and langahans cells wich are antigen recognition and merkel cells that are sensory

85
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Main layer of epidermis that has intercellular adhesions and langahans cells wich are antigen recognition and merkel cells that are sensory prickly from desmosomes

86
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Flatterned squames eosinophillic cytoplasm and has granules of keratochyline. where they begin to keratinise

87
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Acellular layer with plates of keratin and have dead cells it is thick at sites of abrasion

88
Q

What are epidermal adnexae?

A

Downgrowths of epidermis into dermis such as hair follicles sebaceous glands eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

89
Q

What is the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A

produces sebeceaous secretions which lubricate and waterproof hairs by holocrie secretion

90
Q

Where are apocrine glands fond?

A

Around anus, genitals and armpits and ear wax

91
Q

What are appocrine glands?

A

The acompay hair follicles, and are simle coiled tubular glands may produce pheromones apocrine secretion

92
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A

Thin watery secretion they are eveywhere they are coiled tubes that are 2 cells thick with an inner secretory and outer myoepithelial cells

93
Q

What shape is the dermo-epidermal junctions?

A

Wobbly with rete pegs to allow for good connection

94
Q

What are the areas of he dermis?

A

The papillary dermis around rete pegs and the reticular dermis

95
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels, fibroblasts collagen sensory cells sensory cells

96
Q

What are meisner’s corpuscles?

A

Unmyelenated nerve endidngs do fine touch often in hairless areas.

97
Q

What are pacinian corpusces?

A

They are large encapsulated sensory receptors, vibration and tickle dep dermis centrel non myelinated nerve and lamellae

98
Q

Where is the subcutis?

A

Below the dermis

99
Q

What is the subcutis?

A

Insulation shock absorber and store of energy adipose and fibrovascular septa

100
Q

When does breast tissue change?

A

At puberty and menopause

101
Q

What are the difference in males breast tissue?

A

they oly have ducts

102
Q

What is breast tissue like?

A

myoepithelial ducts and lobules set in fibroadipoe connective tissue ductes all empty at the nipple

103
Q

What is the arrangement of ducts and lobules of the breast?

A

Lobules arranged around the terminal duct in a loose fibrous connective tissue

104
Q

What lines the ducts and lobules?

A

Outer layer is myoepithelila layer inner is columnar that produces it

105
Q

What signifies that breast tissue is lactating?

A

The presence of many vacuoles

106
Q

What are the common features of endocrine organs/

A

all have glandular epithelium and all richly vascularised secrete a variety of hormones and are controlled by positive and negative feedback

107
Q

What is the posterior pituitary like?

A

Neural tissue with axons and glial cells it stores and secretes Oxytocin and ADH/Vasopressin

108
Q

What is the anterior pituitary like?

A

Nested epithelial pituicytes, richly vascular fibrous stroma several different types of piuicyte but cannot distinguish them on H&E

109
Q

What are the most common cell in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotorphs that produce growth hormone

110
Q

What types of cells are there in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrops and thyrotrophs

111
Q

What is the second most common cell in the anterior pituitary?

A

Lactotrophs

112
Q

What is the least common cell in the anterior pituitary?

A

Thyrotrophs then gonadotrphs

113
Q

Where are most somatotrphs?

A

In the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary

114
Q

What do lactotrophs look like?

A

Polygonal wrap processes around the cells around them

115
Q

What do thyrotrophs look like?

A

Angular chromophobes elongated cytoplasmic processes

116
Q

What shape are gonadotrophs?

A

Round or oval shaped

117
Q

What are corticotrophs like?

A

Round basophilic cells median of gland

118
Q

What is the name of the pituitary benign tuour?

A

Pituitary adenoma

119
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

They produce malatonin when stimulated by autonomic nervous system, it gives brain sand they have eosinophillic and form rosettes

120
Q

What does the thyroid look like?

A

it has pools of colloid and the follicular epithelial cells with a BM

121
Q

What doe thyroid cells look like?

A

They have central round large nuclei

122
Q

Where are C cells?

A

They are betwen the follicles that secret calcionin

123
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

On posterior surface of the thyroid

124
Q

What are the cells of the parathyroid?

A

There are chief cells oxyphils and adipocytes

125
Q

What are the chief cells of the parathyroid like?

A

Polygonal small cytoplasm secrete PTH. how can parathyroid be distinguished from thryroid calcium oxalate are present in thyoid

126
Q

What are parathyrod oxyphil cells?

A

They are large polygonal cells that increase with ageunknown function

127
Q

What are the structures in the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans they are balls of cells and have a fibrous capsule

128
Q

What cells are in the pancreas?

A

Beta cells, Alpha cells, delta cells and PPcells

129
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Beta do insuling, alpha glucagon, delta do somato statin and PPcells pancreatic polypeptide

130
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona reticularis

131
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa look like and do?

A

It secretes Aldosterone a mineralocorticoid. It has a thin layer of small cells and vculated cytoplasm

132
Q

What does Zona fasiculata do?

A

it produces cortisol and it is the most prominent layer. it is almost clear cytoplsm and is the most prominent layer Glucocortioids

133
Q

What does the Zona reticularis secrete?

A

Inner most columns of polyconal cells secretes androgenic hormones

134
Q

What is the adrenal medulla like?

A

it has large polyhedral cells and produces adrenalin and noradrenalin

Medicine Phase 1 mine (21 decks)

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