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Locomotor System > Histology: Structure of Joints > Flashcards

Histology: Structure of Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cartilage are joints composed of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

What role does the specialized hyaline cartilage have?

A

1) shock absorber
2) provides a lubricated surface for movable joints

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3
Q

What part of what cartilage acts as a shock absorber and lubricant?

A

the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What is lubrication fluid made out of?

A
  • hyalurnic acid
  • immunoglobulins
  • lysosomal enzymes
  • collagenase
  • glycoproteins
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5
Q

What structure produces lubrication fluid?

A

the synovial lining of the joint capsule

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6
Q

How can one diagnose joint disease?

A

through the analysis of synovial fluid

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7
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces of movable joints.

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8
Q

What is the name of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces of movable joints?

A

Articular cartilage

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9
Q

What is the structure like of articular cartilage?

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but the free surface does NOT have PERICHONDRIUM.

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10
Q

What is the major difference between the structure of hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage?

A

free articular cartilage does NOT have perichondrium.

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11
Q

How is it possible to visualise articular cartilages on a bone?

A

An image must be taken of a young animal whose bones are still composed of hyeline cartilage.

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12
Q

What are the 4 articular cartilage layers?

A

1) superficial (tangential) zone
2) intermediate (transitional) zone
3) deep (radial) zone
4) calcified zone
5) bone

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13
Q

What are the key features of the first articular cartilage layer?

A

SUPERFICIAL (TANGENTIAL) ZONE:
- pressure resistant region
- closest to the articular surface
- contains elongated and flattened chondrocytes
- surrounded by a condensation of type II collagen fibrils
- arranged in fascicles PARALLEL to the free surface

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14
Q

What cells is the first articular cartilage layer made out of?

A

elongated and flattened chondrocytes

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15
Q

What are the primary cells of the first articular cartilage layer surrounded by?

A
  • elongated and flattened chondrocytes are surrounded by a condensation of TYPE II COLLAGEN FIBRILS
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16
Q

How are the type II collagen fibrils arranged in the first articular cartilage layer?

A

in fascicles PARALLEL to the FREE SURFACE

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17
Q

What are the key features of the second articular cartilage layer?

A

THE INTERMEDIATE (TRANSITIONAL) ZONE:
- lies below the superficial zone
- contains round chondrocytes
- randomly distributed within the matrix
- collagen fibrils are less organised
- arranged in an OBLIQUE ORIENTATION to the surface

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18
Q

What cells is the second articular cartilage layer made out of?

A

intermediate (transitional) zone:
- ROUND CHONDROCYTES

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19
Q

how are the cells of the second articular cartilage layer arranged?

A

round chondrocytes are randomly distributed within the matrix

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20
Q

How are the collagen fibrils arranged in the second articular cartilage layer?

A
  • intermediate transitional zone
  • LESS ORGANISED
  • arranged in a somewhat OBLIQUE ORIENTATION to the SURFACE
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21
Q

What is the third articular cartilage layer called?

A

deep (radial) zone

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22
Q

What are the key features of the third articular cartilage layer?

A

DEEP (RADIAL) ZONE:
- small, round chondrocytes
- arranged in short columns
- PERPENDICULAR to the free surface of the cartilage
- collagen fibrils are positioned between columns PARALLEL to the LONG AXIS of the bone

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23
Q

What type of cells is the third articular cartilage layer composed of?

A
  • deep (radial) zone
    small round chondrocytes
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24
Q

How are the cells arranged in the third articular cartilage layer?

A
  • small round chondrocytes
  • deep (radial) zone
    arranged in SHORT COLUMNS PERPENDICULAR to the FREE SURFACE
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25
Q

How are collagen fibrils arranged in the third articular cartilage layer?

A

between columns PARALLEL to the LONG AXIS of the BONE.

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26
Q

What is the the fourth articular cartilage layer called?

A

THE CALCIFIED ZONE

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27
Q

What are the key features of the fourth articular cartilage layer?

A

CALCIFIED ZONE
- calcified matrix
- small chondrocytes
- seperated by a smooth, undulating, heavily calcified line (TIDEMARK)

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28
Q

What type of cells is the fourth articular cartilage layer made out of?

A

calcified zone
- small chondrocytes

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29
Q

How is the fourth articular cartilage layer seperated from the third articular cartilage layer?

A

3rd: deep (radial) zone
4th: calcified zone
seperated by a SMOOTH, UNDULIGATING, HEAVILY CALCIFIED line (TIDEMARK).

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30
Q

What is the name of the line that seperated the radial zone from the calcified zone? What is it composed of?

A

the TIDEMARK
- heavily calcified cells

31
Q

What occurs above the ‘tidemark’?

A

proliferation of chondrocytes within cartilage lacunae,
- which provides new cells for cartilage growth.

32
Q

What happens during cartilage renewal?

A

cells (chondrocytes) migrate from above the TIDEMARK region, towards the joint surface.

33
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • lacking perichondrium
  • not lined by the synovial membrane
34
Q

What is the joint capsule composed of?

A

dense connective tissue with blood vessels

35
Q

What is the joint capsule lined by?

A

(the dense connective tissue with blood vessels is lined by) a synovial membrane

36
Q

What does the joint capsule feature in?

A
  • continuous with the periosteum
  • attached to the edges of the articular cartilage
37
Q

What is the joint capsule attached to?

A

the edges of the articular cartilage

38
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

a layer of vascular connective tissue covered by 1-3 layers of synovial cells.

39
Q

What connective tissue is the synovial membrane made out of?

A

vascular connective tissue

40
Q

What is vascular connective tissue in the synovial membrane covered by?

A

1-3 layers of synovial cells

41
Q

What does the synovial membrane not have?

A

a basal lamina

42
Q

What kind of capillaries are there in the synovial membrane?

A

fenestrated capillaries

43
Q

What is the professional word which describes the role of synovial fluid?

A

capillary ultrafiltrate

44
Q

What does the synovial fluid ‘capillary ultrafiltrate’ contain?

A

the glycoprotein LUBRICIN (produced by synovial cells)

45
Q

What do synovial cells produce?

A

LUBRICIN

46
Q

What produces lubricin?

A

synovial cells (fibroblasts)

47
Q

What is the function of lubricin?

A

reduce wear to bone cartilage

48
Q

What is the synovial membrane formed by?

A

a layer of collagenous fibers interspersed with flattened fibroblasts (synovial cells)

49
Q

What is the different name for fibroblasts?

A

synovial cells

50
Q

Where is the synovial membrane located?

A
  • lie directly on the fibrous capsule
    OR
  • seperated from it by connective tissue/fat
51
Q

What commonly happens to the synovial membrane?What is it changed into?

A

it is thrown into folds (synovial villi) that project into the synovial cavity

52
Q

What projects into the synovial cavity?

A

synovial villi

53
Q

Where do synovial villi project?

A

into the synovial cavity

54
Q

What is the synovial membrane? membrane? connective tissue? epithelium?

A
  • a SEPECIALIZED, SECRETORY, CONNECTIVE TISSUE

neither a membrane or an epithelium

55
Q

What are the two types of synovial-lining cells?

A
  • Type-A (macrophage-like synovial cells)
  • Type-B (fibroblast-like synovial cells)
56
Q

What is a different name for type A synovial cells?

A

macrophage-like synovial cells

57
Q

What is a different name for type B synovial cells?

A

fibroblast-like synovial cells

58
Q

What are the type A synovial cells responsible for?

A
  • macrophage-like synovial cells
  • removal of undesirable substances from the synovial fluid
59
Q

How many type A synovial cells are there?

A

take up 25% of the cells lining the synovium

60
Q

What are the type B synovial cells responsible for?

A
  • fibroblast-like synovial cells
  • produce a sugar polymer called HYALURONAN and molecule LUBRICIN, which lubricates the joint surfaces.
61
Q

What do the type-B synovial cells produce?

A
  • hyaluronan
  • lubricin
62
Q

What is the role of hyaluronan and lubricin?

A

lubricate joint surfaces

63
Q

What does hyaluronan trap?

A

water of the synovial fluid

64
Q

Where is water produced in the synovial fluid?

A

it is not produced, it is trapped by the HYALURONAN.

65
Q

What tissues are fibrous joints usually composed of?

A

dense regular connective tissue

66
Q

What does fibrous connective tissue connect? Where?

A

in a fibrous joint
- fibrous connective tissue connects adjacent bones

67
Q

What do bones not have between them in a fibrous joint? Why?

A

do not have a JOINT CAVITY
- because they are directly conected to each other by fibrous connective tissue.

68
Q

Where are the intervertebral discs located?

A

between the adjacent vertebrae bones in the vertebral column

69
Q

What do intervertebral discs allow for?

A
  • slight movement of the vertebrae
70
Q

What is the function of intervertebral disks?

A

1) act as a ligament (hold the vertebrae together)
2) function as a shock absorber for the spine

71
Q

What is the intervertebral disc composed of?

A

center: NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
outside: ANNULUS FIBROSUS

72
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made out of?

A
  • lamellar layers with fibrocyte-like cells (type B) and chondrocyte-like cells.
73
Q

What cartilage is the annulus fibrosus made out of?

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

74
Q

What does the nucleus pulposus contain?

A

clustered notochondral cells.

Locomotor System (19 decks)

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