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Locomotor System > Histology: Histological Structure of Muscle > Flashcards

Histology: Histological Structure of Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What does the parenchyma of an organ consist of?

A

the tissue which:
- conducts the specific function of the organ
- usually comprises the bulk of the organ

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2
Q

What is the stroma of an organ?

A

Everything apart from the parenchyma:
- connective tissue,
- blood vessels,
- nerves,
- ducts.

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3
Q

What is the parenchyma of skeletal tissue?

A

muscle tissue

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4
Q

What is the stroma of skeletal muscle?

A

connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.

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5
Q

What are “parenchyma” and “stroma” terms applicable to?

A

parenchymal organs only! cannot be applied to tuberal organs!

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6
Q

How can one classify tuberal organs?

A

lumen (inside)

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7
Q

When does differentiation continue in skeletal muscles?

A

after the fibers have been formed and have reached a functional state.

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8
Q

How can muscle fibers be differentiated?

A
  • red muscle
  • mixed muscle
  • white muscle
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9
Q

What is the difference between red and white muscles?

A
  • same structural composition
  • different proportions of myoglobin and mitochondria
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10
Q

How are vertebral skeletal muscle fibers differentiated?

A

into red (type 1, slow twitch), and white (type 2) muscles

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11
Q

Explain type 1 muscle fibers? What is their different name?

A

type 1 = slow twitch = red muscle
- dense with capillaries
- rich in mitochondria
- rich in myoglobin
(giving the muscle its red colour)
- relatively more sarcoplasm

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12
Q

Explain type 2 muscle fibers? What is their different name?

A

type 2 = fast twitch = white muscle
- less dense in mitochondria
- less dense in myoglobin

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13
Q

What types of fibers develop high myoglobin concentrations?

A

fibers specialised for aerobic metabolism

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14
Q

How do type 1 fibers contract? speed? force required? fatigue?

A

slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time, with little force. fatigue very slowly/never.

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15
Q

Which type of fibers have limited contractions?

A

type 1 fibers, slow twitch

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16
Q

State an example of slow twitch fibers?

A
  • in the mouth
  • breathing

work for an unlimited time

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17
Q

How do type 2 fibers contract? fatigue? speed? force required?

A

fast twitch fibers:
- contract quickly and powerfully,
- fatigue very rapidly
- sustain only short anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful

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18
Q

Why do small animals have pale coloured flesh?

A

major fast muscle type (type 2) predominates.

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19
Q

What is an important feature of muscle fibers?

A

transdifferentiation.

red muscle tissue <–> white muscle tissue

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20
Q

What is a “mixed muscle”?

A

a type of muscle which contains both white and red muscle fibers

most muscles in the organism

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21
Q

What are the names of the different connective tissue layers covering muscle?

A

1) endomysium
2) perimysium
3) epimysium

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22
Q

What holds together skeletal muscle?

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

What is the function of connective tissue in skeletal muscle fibers?

A

hold together the skeletal muscle fibers

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24
Q

What is the function of the endomysium?

A

surround individual fibers (cells not myofibril).

surrounding the group of tubes

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25
Q

What is the function of the perimysium?

A

surround a group of fibers to form a fascicle

fills the space between the grouped tubes (grouped by the endomysium)

26
Q

What is the epimysium? What is its function?

A
  • the epimysium is a dense connective tissue
  • it surrounds the entire muscle

surrounds the grouped tubes (endo)+filling (+capillaries&nerves) (peri)

27
Q

What is a “fascicle”?

A

a group of muscle fibers surrounded by a perimysium.

28
Q

What does the perimysium contain?

A

a rich network of capillaries and nerves

29
Q

Where are the capillaries and nerves located?

A

in the perimysium

30
Q

What does the epimysium continue with?

A

the tendon

31
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a cord like structure that attaches muscle to bone

32
Q

What do tendons consist of?

A
  • parallel bundles of collagen fibers
33
Q

What type of tissue are tendons made out of?

A

dense regular connective tissue

34
Q

What is situated between the parallel bundles of collagen fibers?

A

rows of fibroblasts called tendinocytes

35
Q

What are tendinocytes?

A

rows of fibroblasts

36
Q

Do tendinocytes contain high or few blood vessels?

A

very few blood vessels

37
Q

What does the tendon connect to?

A

the epimysium of the muscle

38
Q

What are tendons surrounded by?

A

a connective tissue capsule

39
Q

What are the three connective tissues of tendons?

A

1) endotendineum
2) peritendineum
3) epitendineum

40
Q

What does the endotendineum surround?

A
  • groups of fibers surrounded by fibroblasts
41
Q

What does the peritendineum surround?

A

fascicles

42
Q

What does the epitendineum surround?

A

tendons

43
Q

What type of connective tissue is the epitendineum?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

44
Q

What type of connective tissue is the peritendineum?

A

loose connective tissue

45
Q

What type of connective tissue is the endotendineum?

A

loose connective tissue

46
Q

What is the difference between the endomysium, and the endotendineum?

A

endomysium: covers one fiber (fibers consist of a bunch of fused cells)
endotendineum: covers at least a few fibers (collagen fibers are too small)

47
Q

What does loose connective tissue cover? difference between muscle and tendons.

A
  • loose connective tissue can cover a muscle fiber: bunch of cells which are fused together
  • loose connective tissue cannot cover a tendon fiber: small collagen fiber (too small!)
48
Q

What is a tendon sheath? What is it lined by? What does it secrete?

A

a tube-like cavity lined with a synovial membrane that secretes viscous lubricating synovial fluid, covering regions of tendons at points of friction between moving structures.

49
Q

What is a mesotendon?

A

a fold of synovial membrane connecting a tendon to its synovial sheath through which the blood vessels reach the tendon.

50
Q

What connects the synovial sheath to the tendon, allowing for the attatchment of blood vessels?

A

the mesotendon

51
Q

What is the tendon tube cavity lined by?

A

a synovial membrane

52
Q

What is the synovial membrane composed of?

A

1) type A cells (macrophage-like cells): phagocytize unnecessary substances, antigen presenting cells
2) type B cells (fibroblast-like cells): produce lubricin and hyaluronin (lubricating purpose)

53
Q

What is the synovial bursa? What is it lined with? What does it secrete? Where is it located? What is its purpose?

A
  • saclike cavity
  • lined with a synovial membrane
  • secreates a *viscous lubricating synovial (bursal) fluid *
  • interposed between tendons and bony prominences or at other points of friction between moving sutures
  • reduces friction between bones and allows free movement
54
Q

What is the structure of the synovial bursa?

A

round structure with everything inside
(lined with the synovial membrane)

ball completely filled with synovial liquid

55
Q

What is the structure of the tendon sheath?

A

tubular like structure with the tendon located in the middle
(lined with the synovial membrane)

56
Q

What is a “fascia”? What tissue is it composed of? What does it contain? How is it oriented?

A
  • a structure of connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves (binding some structures together)
  • a layer of dense regular connective tissue
  • containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers
  • oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull
57
Q

Is fascia flexible? What does that allow for?

A

fasciae are flexible sructures that are able to resist great unidirectional tension forces.

58
Q

What does the fascia connect?

A
  • 2 different muscles together
  • blood vessels/nerves in between of muscles or inbetween of muscles and skin
59
Q

What type of tissue is resistant from mechanical forces coming from various directions?

A

only dense irregular connective tissue

60
Q

What type of tissue is resistant from mechanical forces coming from one directions?

A

dense regular connective tissue

Locomotor System (19 decks)

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