Anatomy: Axial Skeleton- Vertebral Column Flashcards
What is the name for the axial skeleton in latin?
skeleton axiale
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
bones on or attached to the midline (axis) of the body.
- skull
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribs
What type of bones is the vertebral column composed of? What are they called?
median, unpaired, irregular bones (called vertebrae)
What are the 5 groups in which the vertebral column bones are arranged? Latin names?
1) cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales)
2) thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae (thoracicales))
thoracic skeleton (skeleton thoracis):
- ribs (costae)
- sternum
3) lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales)
4) sacrum
5) caudal vertebrae (vertebrae caudales)
How is the vertebral formula written?
C7T13L7S3Cd20
Which region of the vertebrae is the same in all animals?
cervical vertebrae (all 7)
(neck vertebra)
Which vertebrae vary most differently?
caudal vertebrae
(tail vertebrae)
What are the parts of the typical vetebra?
1) the body
2) the arch
3) the processes
What is “the body”?
a cylindrical mass forming the ventral aspect of the vertebra and the vertebral foramen.
What is “the arch”?
completes the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
what are “the processes”? What are the two different types?
- Cranial and caudal articular processes form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
- Spinous processes project dorsally.
- Transverse processes project laterally.
How to say vertebral arch in latin?
arcus vertebrae
what is the body of the vertebrae called?
corpus vertebrae
what does the vertebral body and arch form?
the vertebral foramen (foramen vertebrale)
What is the thoracic skeleton (skeleton thoracis) made out of?
ribs (costae)
sternum
What does “the body” consist of?
- cranial extremity (head)
- caudal extremity
- ventral crest
What are the different “processes”?
- spinosous processes (processus spinosus)
- articular processes (caudal and cranial)
- transverse processes
What are the two “notches”?
cranial and caudal notch
What are the spaces called between two invertebrate bones?
foramen invertebrale- between vertebrae for passage of spinal nerve
spatium interarcuale- spaces separating adjacent arches dorsally.
Explain the cervical vertebrae.
- well developed (for a range of motion)
- 7 vertebra
1) atlas:
no body, 2 arches (dorsal and ventral)
no spinal processes, transfer processes=wing, 2 foramen (alar and transverse).
differs between species (number of foramens).
2) axis: - broad but not high, centrally located dens ((displaced body of the atlas)
3) 4) 5) cervical vertebrae:
small spinosous processes, small transverse processes, large articulate processes.
all contains foramen (but last one).
6) sixth cervical vertebra
7) seventh cervical vertebra
Explain the “atlas” vertebra.
- first vertebra of the cervical vertebrae
- no body, 2 arches (dorsal and ventral)
no spinal processes, transfer processes=wing, 2 foramen (alar and transverse). - differs between species (number of foramens)
ox- 2
horse- 3
pig- 3
dog- 2
Explain the “axis” vertebra.
- second vertebra of the cervical vertebrae
axis: - broad but not high, centrally located dens ((displaced body of the atlas)
- differs between species in shape:
ox- cylindrical shape
horse- spinal process splits in 2 branches, diagonal cylindrical shape
pig- round shape, similar to ox (cylindrical)
dog- processes split in 2 branches (similar to horse), round shape.
explain the “cervical vertebrae” of the cervical vertebrae.
3) 4) 5) cervical vertebrae:
small spinosous processes, small transverse processes, large articulate processes.
all contains foramen (but last one).
horse- doesn’t have spinal spinosus
branches go crabially
ox- branch goes centrally and laterally (has spinal spinosus)
pig- has 2 foramen
dog- similar to horse (same branch direction), body of vertebra is curved.
explain the “sixth cervical vertebrae” of the cervical vertebrae.
- similar to c3-c5,
- enlarged to form a plate like extension
ox: elongated lateral plate
dog: average size lateral plate
horse: very small lateral plate
Explain the last cervical vertebrae.
- lacks transverse foreman
- no branches
- depressions from caudal extremities
horse: short spinal process
(longer than c3-c6)
ox: very long spinal process
pig: very long
dog: average
