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Locomotor System > Histology: Bone Structure > Flashcards

Histology: Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

How are bones classified?

A

according to shape

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2
Q

What is the structure of long bones?

A
  • tubular in shape
  • consist of 2 ends
    a) proximal end
    b) distal end
  • consist of 1 long shaft
    a) diaphysis
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3
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

The junction between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
(between the bones center and beginning/end)

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4
Q

What structure covers the bone?

A

the periosteum

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5
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A connective tissue membrane that attaches to the outer surface of bones.

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6
Q

What are bone cavities lined by?

A

endosteum

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7
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A single layer of cells that contains osteoprogenitor (endosteal) cells.

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8
Q

What layers does the periosteum consist of?

A

1) the outer fibrous layer
2) the inner cellular layer

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum.

A
  • irregular
  • dense connective tissue type
  • high percentage of collagenous matrix & small percentage of cells
  • divides into 2 layers: the superficial and deep layer.
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10
Q

What two layers does the periosteum (outer fibrous layer) divide into?

A

1) the superficial layer
2) the deep layer

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11
Q

How does the superficial and deep layer of the periosteum compare?

A

the superficial layer is more VASCULAR and receives PERIOSTEAL VESSELS.

the inner layer is a fibro-elastic layer.

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12
Q

What does the deep layer of the periosteum consist of?

A

the fibrio-elastic layer

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13
Q

What is the inner cellular layer of the periosteum made up of?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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14
Q

What is another name used for the inner cellular layer?

A

the osteogenetic layer

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15
Q

What does the inner layer contain? (osteo-) Where?

A

osteoblasts in young developing bones

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16
Q

Are osteoblasts in adult bones present or absent?

A
  • can be absent
  • appear whenever required (eg. fracture healing)
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17
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A
  • multipotent stem cells
  • undergo mitosis divisions
  • differentiate into osteoblasts
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18
Q

What is the endosteum? How is it identified?

A
  • a membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall
  • identified as the lining membrane of the bone marrow cavity
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19
Q

What does the endosteum line?

A
  • the Haversian canal
  • all the internal bone cavities
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20
Q

What does the endosteum consist of?

A
  • a layer of flattened osteoprogenitor cells
  • type III collagenous fibers (reticular fibers)
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21
Q

What is thinner, the endosteum or the periosteum?

A

The endosteum is noticeably thinner.

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22
Q

What is an immature (woven) bone?

A

bone tissue formed during development

23
Q

What is bone tissue called which is formed during development?

A

immature (woven) bone

24
Q

How does immature (woven) bone differ from mature (lamellar) bone?

A

collagen fiber arrangement.

25
Q

How is bone tissue classified?

A

1) compact
2) spongy

26
Q

Where is compact bone located?

A

outside and beneath the periosteum.

27
Q

What forms internal spongy bone?

A

a meshwork of trabeculae

28
Q

What is the development of bones classified as?

A

1) ENDOCHONDRAL (a cartilage model serving as the precursor of the bone)
2) INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION (without the involvement of a cartilage presursor)

29
Q

What is endochondral development?

A

a cartilage model serving as the precursor of the bone.

30
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

a cartilage precursor is not involved.

31
Q

What bones develop by intramembranous ossification?

A
  • flat bones of the skull
  • mandible (lower czaszka)
  • clavicle (obojczyk)
32
Q

What bones develop by endochondral ossification.

A

all bones except:
- mandible
- clavicle
- flat bones of the skull

33
Q

What does hyaline cartilage undergo in early fetal development?

A

the process of endochondral ossification.

34
Q

What is hyaline cartilage in the process of endochondral ossification?

A

the precursor of bones

35
Q

What happens during the development process? What happens to hyaline cartilage?

A

most of the hyaline cartilage is replaced by bones.
residual cartilage at the proximal and distal ends of the bone served as growth sites (EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH).

36
Q

What is EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH?

A

residual cartilage at the proximal and distal ends of the bone served as growth sites.

37
Q

When does the cartilage at the proximal and distal ends of the bone remain functional (epiphyseal growth)?

A

as long as the bone is growing in length.

38
Q

What is the model formed in endochondral ossification?

A

the hyaline cartilage model

39
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells surrounding the hyaline cartilage model differentiate into?

A

1) bone-forming cells that initially deposit bone onto the cartilage surface (periosteal BONY COLLAR)
2) penetrate the diaphysis (to form the PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER)

40
Q

What is “periosteal BONY COLLAR”?

A

bone forming cells that deposit bone in the cartilage surface

41
Q

How is the primary ossification center formed?

A

bone forming cells penetrate the diaphysis.

42
Q

How is the secondary ossification center developed?

A

within the epiphyses.

43
Q

What separates the primary and secondary ossification centers?

A

the epiphyseal growth plate

44
Q

What does the epiphyseal growth plate do?

A

it provides a source for new cartilage involved in bone growth (children and adolescents).

45
Q

Does the epiphyseal growth plate have several zones?

A

yes, eg.
- reserve cartilage
- zone of proliferation
- zone of hypertrophy
- zone of calcified cartilage
- zone of resorption

46
Q

What happens during intramembranous ossification?

A

bone formation is initiated by condensation of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

47
Q

How are ossification centers formed?

A

some spindle shaped, pale staining mesenchymal cells migrate and aggregate in specific areas

(eg. the region of flat bone development in the head)

48
Q

What initiates the process of intramembranous ossification?

A

condensation of cells within the mesenchymal tissue

49
Q

What do mesenchymal cells in ossification centers elongate and differentiate into?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

50
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells further differentiate into?

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

What do osteoblasts deposit?

A

unmineralized bone matrix (the osteoid).

52
Q

Where do the osteoblasts accumulate?

A

at the periphery of the ossification center

53
Q

What do osteoblasts do at the periphery of the ossification center?

A

continue to secrete osteoid toward the center of the nodule.

54
Q

What happens when the process of ossification continues (after osteoblasts secrete the osteoid towards the center of the nodule). What happens to osteoblasts?

A

osteoid undergoes mineralization and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.

Locomotor System (19 decks)

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