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SUGER > Histology Of Urinary System > Flashcards

Histology Of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 principal components urinary tract

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What are the 3 prime layers of the kidneys

A

Outer cortex - pale
Underlying medulla - darker
Central renal pelvis

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3
Q

What are medullary rays and where are they found

A

Collection of loops of henle and collecting ducts that originate from the nephrons that have their renal corpuscles in the outer part of the cortex

Renal cortex

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4
Q

What does the renal medulla comprise of

A

Loops of henle and collecting ducts of nephrons both close to and far from the capsular surface of the kidneys

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5
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

Tuft of convoluted fenestrated capillaries resting on a glomerular basement membrane

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6
Q

Give the names of the structures that a) line b) support and c) encase the glomerulus

A

a) podocytes
b) mesangial cells - lie between capillary loops
c) bowmans capsule

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7
Q

How can you distinguish between capillary endothelial cells and mesangial cells histologically

A

Capillary endothelial cells nuclei lie on the inside of capillaries
Mesangial cells lie between capillaries

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Afferent arteriole

Distal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

How are granule cells formed and whats their function

A

Endothelium of afferent arteriole expands to form mass of cells - granular cells
These secrete renin in response to low blood pressure

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10
Q

Whats the role of macula densa

A

Specialised part of the distal convoluted tubule that senses [NaCl] and regulates tubuloglomerular feedback

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11
Q

Where are macula densa found

A

Closely packed endothelial cells along the distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

How are proximal convoluted tubule recognised histologically

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Round central/ basal nuclei
Brush border of microvilli at apical end
Many mitochondria - appears eosinohpillic

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13
Q

Function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsoprtion of NaCl, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, glucose

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines thick and thin segments of the loop of henle

A

Thick - low cuboidal

Thin - simple squamos

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15
Q

What supplies the loop of henle

A

Rich vasa recta

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16
Q

How are distal convoluted tubules seen histologically

A

Low cuboidal epithelium
Scanty microvilli
Numerous mitochondria

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17
Q

Function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Regulates acid base by secreting H+ and absorbing HCO3-

Regulates Na level by exchanging Na for K

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18
Q

What type of epithelium lines the collecting duct

A

Cuboidal epithelium

19
Q

Function of the collecting duct

A

Water reabsorption
Na balance
Acid- base balance

20
Q

What 2 cells are the collecting duct made up of and whats their function

A

Prinicipal cells - respond to aldosterone and ADH

Intercalated cells - exchange H+ for HCO3-

21
Q

Desribe the appearance of the nuclei in the collecting duct

A

Round and central

22
Q

What epithelium lines the renal pelvis and describe this type

A

Urothelium - multilayered stratified epithelium

Layer of umbrella cells overlying a pseudostratified columnar layer of polygonal cells

23
Q

Whats the function of the renal pelvis

A

Transmits filtrate from nephron to ureter

24
Q

What epithelium lines the ureter

A

Transitional epithelium - urothelium

25
Q

What is the ureter and give its function

A

Spiral Muscular tubes that convey urine via peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder

26
Q

Desribe the structure of ureters

A

Inner longitudinal layer
Outer circular layer
No serosa
Loose adventitia

27
Q

Give the layers of the bladder

A 
Urothelium
Lamina propria 
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa 
Muscularis propria
Subserosa and serosa
28
Q

What does the functional valve of the bladder do

A

Prevent reflux into ureter

29
Q

How does epithelium change proximally vs distally in a female urethra

A

Prox - urothelium

Dist - non keratinising stratified squamous

30
Q

What 2 glands open into the female urethra

A

Paraurethral and periurethral

31
Q

How length differ in the fem vs male urethra

A

Fem 4-5cm

Male 20cm

32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra lined by urothelium
Penile urethra

33
Q

How does the epithelium of the penile urethra differ proximally vs distally

A

Proximally - pseudostratified

Distally - stratified squamous

34
Q

What structures does the cortex of the kidneys contain

A

Glomeruli
Convoluted (coiled) parts of the proximal and distal tubules
Proximal parts of the collecting ducts

35
Q

What structures does the medullary pyramids contain

A

Straight portions of the proximal and distal tubules
Loops of henle
Distal parts of collecting duct

36
Q

Where does filtrate that drains from each medullary pyramid drain into

A

Funnel shaped calyx

37
Q

Where do the renal artery and vein enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilum

38
Q

Describe the branching of the renal artery and where this occurs

A

Renal artery usually divides into 5/6 branches that give off arcuate arteries at the cortico-medullary junction
Interlobular arteries arise from these

39
Q

What divides the cortex inter lobules

A

Interlobular arteries penetrate the cortex at regular intervals

40
Q

What supplies the glomeruli

A

Afferent arterioles given off from interlobular arteries

This is where blood is filtered

41
Q

How does filtered blood leave the glomeruli and describe its return to systemic circulation

A

Leaves via Efferent arterioles and passes through thin walled vessels between the tubules
Here it gains fluid and ions recovered by the nephrons before draining into arcuate veins for return to systemic circulation

42
Q

What gives off straight arterioles and where

A

Arcuate arteries

Near cortico-medullary junction

43
Q

Straight arterioles penetrate deep into the …….. before returning blood to the ……… ……..

A

Medulla

Arcuate veins

44
Q

Which structures are found most prevalent in the renal cortex

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

SUGER (13 decks)

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