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Medicine Unit 4 > Histology of the respiratory system > Flashcards

Histology of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration

A

cells produce ATP by metabolism of organic molecules

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2
Q

mechanical respiration

A

O2 required for cellular respiration is absorbed into the blood stream and CO2 is excreted

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3
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea
bronchi
lungs

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5
Q

conducting airway

A

note to terminal bronchioles in the lungs
filters warms and moistens air

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6
Q

respiratory airway

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
gas exchange between air and blood

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7
Q

function of upper respiratory tract

A

warm
humidify
filter

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8
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract lined with

A

respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

lower respiratory tract portions

A

conducting portion
respiratory portion

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10
Q

components of the conducting portion of lower respiratory tract

A
  1. Begins with Trachea (cartilage)
    2.Bifurcates into Primary/Main Bronchi
    3.Bifurcates into Secondary/Lobar Bronchi
    4.Bifurcates into Tertiary/Segmental bronchi
    5.Bifurcates into Bronchioles
    6.Bifurcates into Terminal bronchioles
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11
Q

components of the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract

A

7.Bifurcates into Respiratory bronchioles
8.Bifurcates into Alveolar ducts
9.Bifurcates into Alveolar sacs
10.Bifurcates into Alveoli

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12
Q

type of cartilage in the trachea

A

hyaline

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13
Q

which thoracic vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate

A

T4/5

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14
Q

epithelium of the conducting portion

A

pseudo stratified columnar ciliated
has lots of goblet cells

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15
Q

variation of epithelium in conducting portion

A

roof of nasal cavity
has olfactory epithelium
specialised for olfaction (smell)

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16
Q

function of the pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium

A

trap particular matter and propel towards nasopharynx
inspired air is moistened by the secretions of the serous glands and a sheet of mucous form goblet cells lies on mucosal surface and traps and inhaled particulate contaminants
mucus wafted backwards by cilia towards pharynx

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17
Q

goblet cells function

A

secret mucus that traps external particles that we dont want in the lungs
travelled to nasopharynx with help of cilia, mucociliary clearance
swallowed or killed by immune cells

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18
Q

function of the olfactory mucosa

A

receives and relays olfactory signals
dissolve odoriferous particles/ secretion may act as the solvent in which odorous substance dissolve

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19
Q

components of olfactory mucosa

A

bipolar neurones
sustentacular cells
basal cells

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20
Q

bipolar neurones

A

neutron with only two extensions
axon and dendrite
run from opposite sides of the ell body

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21
Q

sustentacular cells

A

provide physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for th olfactory cells

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22
Q

basal cells

A

considerable proliferative capacity and can replace both sustentacular and olfactory cells

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23
Q

what is in the image

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
low magnification

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24
Q

what does the image contain

A

ciliated cells
goblet cells
basal cells
k-cells/DNES which aren’t seen
underlying lamina propria

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25
Q

K cells

A

Kulchitsky cells
neuroendocrine cells
contain secretory granules
secrete peptide hormones such as serotonin, calcitonin,ADH and ACTH

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26
Q

what is DNES

A

diffuse neuroendocrine system

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27
Q

label left to right

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar cells
lamina propria
basal cells
goblet cells
air conditioning mucociliary clearance

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28
Q

function of cliated pseudostratified columnar cells:

A

Mucous transport, filtering

29
Q

function of basal cells

A

Rounded, near basal lamina, stem cells, mitotic

30
Q

function of goblet cells

A

mucus secretion

31
Q

function of lamina propria

A

capillary plexus in conducting portion warms air

32
Q

function of Mucociliary clearance

A

describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system. It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs.

33
Q

direction of cilia movement

A

unidirectional
clears mucus towards the pharynx

34
Q

where are goblet cells mainly found

A

in the terminal bronchus

35
Q

what is in the image and label

A

trachea:
1. tracheal submucosa
2. mucosa
3.trachealis muscle
4. adventitia
5. c shaped cartilage

36
Q

cartilaginous layer of trachea

A

15-20 C-shaped cartilages
cartilage bridges posteriorly by smooth muscle and fibroelastic fibres (trachealis)

37
Q

primary function of the trachealis muscle

A

constrict the trachea
allows air to be expelled with more force e.g. during coughing
involuntary/parasympthatic nervous system

38
Q

vertebral level of trachealis muscle

A

C6-T4

39
Q

adventitia

A

loose CT
fibroblasts
BV

40
Q

seromucous glands function

A

help to humidify the inspired air

41
Q

label C,M,L

A

C: hyaline cartilage
M: tracheal mucosa, surrounding lumen
T: trachealis muscle

42
Q

damage of the tracheobronchial mucosa

A

can be damaged by inhaled chemical toxins, viruses and bacteria
prolonged or repeated damage leads to their death and replacement by squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia)

43
Q

what is in the image

A

anterior wall of the trachea
mucosa, submucosa,cartilage, adventitia

44
Q

what is in the image and label left to right

A

bronchus
smooth muscle
mucosa
lumen
cartilage plates
lamina propria

45
Q

what does the lamina propria contain in the bronchus

A

elastin fibres

46
Q

cartilage plates

A

irregular flattened plates

47
Q

what do extra pulmonary bronchi have

A

regular incomplete cartilage rings

48
Q

what do intrapulmonary bronchi have

A

irregular rough circumferential arrangement of cartilage plates
connected by dense fibre collagenous bands

49
Q

what happens as the bronchi branches get smaller and more peripheral

A

cartilage plates decrease in size and number
mainly concentrated at bifurcations

50
Q

what is in the image and label

A

bronchus
lumen
smooth muscle
hyaline cartilage
epithelium with cilia

51
Q

cells of the cartilage in submucosa

A

chondrocytes

52
Q

what is in the image and label left to right

A

segmental/tertiary bronchi
smooth muscle is more prominent
reduced mucous glands
tall columnar epithelium with reduced goblet cells
reduced cartilage plates

53
Q

features of the segmental bronchi

A

gradually lose cartilage
more elastic fibres
cells start to become simple columnar or cuboidal
mucous gland are reducing

54
Q

epithelium in primary bronchioles

A

transition from simple columnar to cuboidal

55
Q

epithelium in terminal bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal

56
Q

respiratory bronchioles epithelium

A

simple cuboidal and simple squamous

57
Q

epithelium in alveolar duct, sacs and alveoli

A

simple squamous

58
Q

bronchioles

A

around 13 divisions
less cartilage with each division
more smooth muscle
pseudo stratified columnar

59
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

low columnar ciliated epithelia
no cartilage, high in smooth muscle
fewer goblet cells
no submucosal glands
Clara cells (distally)

60
Q

what is in the image

A

terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

white is air spaces
pink is inter-alveolar space

61
Q

function of Clara cells

A

provide protection against toxins and secrete surfactant
lowers surface tension
keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy

62
Q

alveolar region

A

squamous epithelia
cells are pneumocytes

63
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

flat
share basal lamina with endothelial cells for gas exchange
squamous epithelia covering 95% of alveolar surface
flattened nuclei, less likely to be seen in light microscopy

64
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

round
secrete surfactant
60% of total alveolar cells but 5% of surface
produce surfactant, prevents collapse of alveoli
have rounded nuclei

65
Q

fetus and surfactant

A

surfactant production occurs in the last few months of pregnancy
premature babies often have insufficient surfactant with reduced activity
often have respiratory issues
called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

66
Q

describe the image

A
  1. capillaries in the interalveolar septa and the alveoli. The alveolar pores (of Kohn) allow air pressure to equilibrate and air to circulate between alveoli on different ducts or sacs if the local airway becomes
    Blocked/communication between 2 alveoli. These pores can contribute to the spread of bacteria in the lung.
    (b) The air-blood barrier consists of an alveolar type I cell, a capillary endothelial cell, and their fused basement membranes.
    Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into capillary blood and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. The inner lining of alveoli
    is covered by a layer of surfactant (not shown), which lowers fluid surface tension and helps prevent collapse of alveoli.
67
Q

squamous metaplasia

A

pre-neoplastic change of bronchial epithelium observed in lungs in response to toxic injury induced by cigarette smoke
multi-stage process may eventually end to full neoplastic transformation
such as a bronchial carcinoma

68
Q

what is in the image and what is G

A

respiratory/pseudostratified columnar ciliated
goblet cell

69
Q

what is in the image and what is A and B

A

MALT/BALT- submucosa, bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
A-epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated)
B- BALT in submucosa

Medicine Unit 4 (19 decks)

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