Anatomy of the respiratory system Flashcards
which vertebral level is the sternal angle
T4/5
label top to bottom
head
neck
angle
subcostal groove
costal cartilage
tubercle
articular facets
true ribs articulation
articulate directly with the sternum
false ribs articulation
they don’t directly attach to the sternum
atypical ribs
1,2,10,11,12
have unusual features
rib 1 features
flat
distinct tubercles
has grooves
rib 10 features
has one articular facet on its head
label top to bottom
body
vertebral foramen
pedicle
lamina
transverse process
spinous process
label top to bottom
superior articular facets
superior demifacet
facet for articulation with tubercle of rib
inferior articular facets
inferior demifacet
superior articular facets
articulate with the vertebrae above
superior demifacets
articulation with the head of the rib
inferior demifacet
articulation with head of the rib
inferior articular facets
articulate with the vertebrae below
rib articulation
typical rib articulates with the body of its own vertebra
transverse process of its own vertebra
and the body of the vertebra above
joints in rib articulation
costotransverse and costovertebral
they are synovial
accessory muscles in forced inhalation
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis major
accessory muscles in forced expiration
internal intercostals
external obliques
internal obliques
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus
muscles of the chest wall
11 pairs of external intercostals
11 pairs internal intercostals
11 pairs innermost intercostals
external intercostals
in the intercostal space
between pairs of ribs
elevate ribs and keep intercostal space rigid
internal intercostals
in ICS lateral edge of the costal groove to the rib below
depress ribs and keep ICS rigid
innermost intercostals
medial edge of costal groove to rib below
act with internal intercostals
subcostal and transversus thoracis
arterial supply to the intercostals
posterior intercostal arteries: 1 and 2, supreme intercostal artery, 3-11 thoracic aorta
anterior intercostal arteries: internal thoracic artery
1-6 direct branches
7-11 musculophrenic artery
venous drainage of the intercostals
parallels arterial supply intercostal veins
drain into the azygous vein, most posterior
and internal thoracic veins m most anterior
innervation of the intercostals
T1-11 are intercostal nerves
T12 is the subcostal nerve
label top to bottom
median arcuate
right crus
left crus
medial arcuate
lateral arcuate
superiorly anatomy of the diaphragm
central tendon
no body attachment, fibrous pericardium is attached
inferiorly attached anatomy of the diaphragm m
diploid process
costal margin and ribs 11 and 12
posterior abdominal wall via arcuate ligaments
lumbar vertebrae
right crus
L1-3
left crus
L1-2
3 arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm
median, aorta
medial, psoas major
lateral, quadrates lumborum
respiratory function of the diaphragm
contracts and flattens as a single unit
increasing thoracic volume and drawing air into the lungs
non respiratory function of the diaphrag m
separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
increases intra-abdominal pressure, helping to expel vomit faeces and urine
preventing acid reflux by exerting pressure on the oesophagus as it passes through the oesophageal hiatus
what are the 3 diaphragmatic openings
caval opening
oesophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus
caval opening
T8
inferior vena cava
right phrenic nerve
oesophageal hiatus
T10
vagal trunks
oesophageal blood vessels
aortic hiatus
T12
aorta
thoracic duct
azygos vein
remembering the level at which structures enter the diaphragm
corresponds to the letters in the word
vena cava is 8
oesophagus is 10
aortic hiatus is 12
innervation of the diaphragm
phrenic nerves
C3,4,5
keep the diaphragm alive
right phrenic nerve
caval opening
T8
left phrenic nerve
passes directly through the diaphragm
marginal part of th diaphragm innervation
spinal nerves
T6-12
sensory
what innervates the crura
spinal nerves from T12
what is the respiratory system structurally divided into
upper and Lower respiratory system
what is the respiratory system functionally divided into
conducting airway
respiratory airway
upper respiratory system
above the sternal angle
nose
pharynx
associated structures
lower respiratory system
mostly below sternal angle
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
conducting airway
nose to terminal bronchioles
filters, arms and moistens air
respiratory airway
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
gas exchange between air and blood
trachea
starts at C6
C shaped cartilage rings in walls
open part of the C faces posteriorly
posterior wall is mainly smooth muscle
bifurcates at T4/5 into left and right bronchi
bronchial tree
primary bronchus enters the lung root via the hilum
within the lung the primary bronchi into lobar bronchi, secondary
lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi which supply the bronchopulmonary segments
segmental bronchi
to each bronchopulmonary segment
bronchioles
approximately 13 divisions
less cartilage with each division
more smooth muscle
terminal bronchioles
no cartilage, high in smooth muscle
fewer goblet cells
Clara cells distally
left lung
superior and inferior lobe
lingual
2 bronchial arteries
oblique fissure
right lung
superior inferior and middle lobes
1 bronchi artery
oblique and horizontal tissues
hilum of the lung contains what
bronchi
pulmonary arteeries
pulmonary veins
pulmonary ligament is the lining
where is the horizontal fissure located, surface anatomy
horizontal fissure
4th costal cartilage to mid axillary line
pleura
double layered thin mesothelial membrane
visceral layer, adheres to the lungs
parietal layer, adheres to the chest wall
pleural cavity
potential space between the two pleural layers
contains pleural fluid
costodiaphragmatic recess
potential space
ribs 8 to 10
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
examples of pleural effusions
haemothorax
empyema
chylothorax
haemothorax
blood in pleural cavity
empyema
pus in the pleural cavity
chylothorax
lymph in the pleural cavity
