Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

functions of the nervous system

Answer 1

regulate bodily activities by:
-detecting and interpreting changes and organising responses

Question 2

cells in the nervous system

Answer 2

neurons
glial cells

Question 3

afferent neurons

Answer 3

receive and integrate incoming information form sensory receptors

Question 4

efferent neurons

Answer 4

transmit information to other neurone or effector organs/tisuses

Question 5

what can neurones be

Answer 5

pre or post synaptic

Question 6

two divisions of the nervous system

Answer 6

peripheral and central nervous system

Question 7

divisions of peripheral nervous system

Answer 7

examples are cranial and spinal nerves
splits into somatic and autonomic and sensory

Question 8

somatic

Answer 8

motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

Question 9

autonomic

Answer 9

motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 10

divisions of autonomic

Answer 10

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Question 11

describe peripheral nervous system

Answer 11

31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question 12

somatic nervous system

Answer 12

innervate structures derived from somites
-skin and skeletal muscles
can be motor or sensory
repsond to information from external environment and associated with production of voluntary movement

Question 13

autonomic nervous system

Answer 13

innervate the viscera and glandular and smooth muscle cells
motor or sensory
receive signal via visceral afferent and response via visceral efferent
system responds to information from internal environment and associated with control of involuntary processes

Question 14

when does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate

Answer 14

to act in times of stress as it governs flight or fight

Question 15

effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

increases heart rate and blood pressure
decreasing blood flow to extremities and GI tract through vasoconstriction
increasing blood flow to heart and muscles through vasodilation
dilating the pupils

Question 16

when is the parasympathetic nervous system stimulated

Answer 16

most commonly active
rest and digest
functions during non-stressful times

Question 17

effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

decreasing heart rate and force of contraction to lower the blood pressure
increasing blood flow to the extremities and GI tract
decreasing blood flow to the heart and muscles
constricting the pupils

Question 18

homeostasis

Answer 18

based upon achieving balance between opposing systems
degree to which each system is active is referred as sympathetic or parasympathetic

Question 19

structure of a typical spinal nerve

Answer 19

dorsal root and ventral root
Dr smith is very mean

Question 20

dorsal root

Answer 20

formed by solely sensory neurones which synapse in the dorsal horn of grey matter

Question 21

ventral root

Answer 21

formed by solely motor neurone which synapse in the ventral horn of grey matter

Question 22

structure of typical spinal nerve

Answer 22

contains all fibres trailing out of into the ventral and dorsal roots
then split into dorsal and ventral rami

Question 23

what does ventral ramus innervate

Answer 23

anterior and lateral aspects

Question 24

what does dorsal ramus innervate

Answer 24

posterior aspects of the body

Question 25

pathway of somatic sensory nerve

Answer 25

afferent from receptor
along ventral/dorsal ramus
into spinal nerve
through dorsal root
into spinal cord to synapse in dorsal horn of grey matter

Question 26

pathway of somatic motor nerve

Answer 26

efferent from ventral horn of grey matter
through ventral root
into spinal nerve
along dorsal/ ventral ramus
and synapse at the effector muscle

Question 27

somatic nerves neurotransmitter

Answer 27

acetylcholine

Question 28

cell bodies of motor/efferent lie where

Answer 28

in the ventral horn of grey matter in spinal cord

Question 29

cell bodies of sensory/afferent lie where

Answer 29

in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

Question 30

autonomic nervous system

Answer 30

sympathetic from spinal nerves T1-L2
ASNS described as having thoracolumbar outflow
parasympathetic arise from brainstem and S2-4
APNS has craniosacral outflow

Question 31

ANS visceral efferent

Answer 31

innervate smooth, cardiac muscle, glandular cells and viscera

Question 32

ANS motor pathways comprised of what

Answer 32

pre-synaptic (pre-ganglion) fibre
post-synaptic (post-ganglion) fibre
site of synapsis always lie in ganglia

Question 33

pathway of sympathetic efferent

Answer 33

The pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibre,
will originate in lateral horn of grey
matter.
* The neuron will then travel through the
ventral root and mixed spinal nerve and
into the white ramus communicans.
This is ‘white’ as pre-ganglionic fibres
are myelinated.
The pre- and post-ganglionic neurons
synapse in the sympathetic ganglion.
* The post-ganglionic sympathetic fibre,
will then exit the ganglion through the
grey ramus communicans and travel to
the target tissue.
This is ‘grey’ as post-ganglionic fibres
are unmyelinated.
In some cases, fibres will travel up or
down to different levels of the
sympathetic trunk before passing
through the grey ramus communicans
and distributing to their target tissues.

Question 34

exception to the rule

Answer 34

splanchnic nerves

Question 35

splanchnic nerves

Answer 35

travel through the sympathetic chain
do not synapse within
synapse in the pre vertebral ganglia instead

Question 36

targets of splanchnic nerves

Answer 36

organs

Question 37

what is sympathetic distribution to most organs through

Answer 37

splanchnic nerves

Question 38

exceptions

Answer 38

thoracic organs

Question 39

pulmonar plexus

Answer 39

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres
innervating the lungs synapse in
the sympathetic chain at levels T1-
4

Question 40

cardiac plexus

Answer 40

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres
innervating the heart synapse in
the sympathetic chain at levels T1-
4, as well as from the cervical
ganglia.

Question 41

neurotransmitter in sympathetic ganglion between pre and post ganglionic fibres

Answer 41

acetylcholine

Question 42

neurotransmitter in post ganglion in sympathetic

Answer 42

noradrenaline

Question 43

pathway of parasympathetic efferent

Answer 43

efferent through ventral horn of grey matter
through ventral root
into spinal nerve
along dorsal/ventral ramus
to synapse within ganglion before reaching the target tissue
Pre-ganglionic fibres will pass from the brainstem
or sacral spinal cord to the target tissues.
* Parasympathetic autonomic ganglia lie near to or
within the lining of the target tissue or organ.
* All parasympathetic innervation from the neck
down to the midgut is provided by the vagus nerve
(CN X).

Question 44

parasympathetic efferents

Answer 44

between pre and post and at post is acetylcholine

Question 45

visceral afferents

Answer 45

transmit sensations of visceral pain and distension back to the CNS
follow same pathway as somatic afferents
cell bodies also lie in the dorsal root ganglia DRG

Question 46

summary sympathetic division

Answer 46

Fight or flight.
‘Thoracolumbar’ outflow.
Ganglia lie along the sympathetic chain.
Short preganglionic neurons.
Long postganglionic neurons.
Postganglionic neurons signal using
noradrenaline.

Question 47

summary sympathetic division

Answer 47

Fight or flight.
‘Thoracolumbar’ outflow.
Ganglia lie along the sympathetic chain.
Short preganglionic neurons.
Long postganglionic neurons.
Postganglionic neurons signal using
noradrenaline.

Question 48

summary parasympathetic division

Answer 48

Rest and digest.
‘Craniosacral’ outflow.
Ganglia lie close to/within the target tissue.
Long preganglionic neurons.
Short postganglionic neurons.
Postganglionic neurons signal using
acetylcholine.