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Medicine Unit 4 > Anatomy of the heart lecture > Flashcards

Anatomy of the heart lecture Flashcards

1
Q

location of the heart

A

between the two pleural cavities
in the middle mediastinum

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2
Q

how is the mediastinum divided into superior and inferior

A

by the thoracic plane at T4/5

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3
Q

inferior mediastinum division

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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4
Q

what covers the heart

A

pericardium

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5
Q

layers of the pericardium

A

outer fibrous layer
parietal layer of serous pericardium and visceral layer of serious pericardium

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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

cone shaped sac surrounding the heart
fused with vessels
blended with central tendon of diaphragm
attached to the posterior surface of sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments

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7
Q

visceral serous pericardium

A

coats the heart
sometimes called epicardium

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8
Q

what do the two layers of serous membrane consist of

A

mesothelium and loose connective tissue

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9
Q

pariteal serous pericardium

A

lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardial sac

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10
Q

pericardial cavity

A

small space between the serous layers
contains pericardial fluid

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11
Q

pericardial sinuses

A

superiorly surrounding the arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk
posteriorly surrounding veins (superior VC, inferior VC,

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12
Q

what are the two pericardial sinuses

A

transverse and oblique

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13
Q

transverse pericardial sinus

A
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14
Q

oblique pericardial sinus

A
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15
Q

conditions of pericardium

A

pericarditis
cardiac tamponade

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16
Q

great vessels of the heart

A

left and right brachiocephalic veins
inferior vena ava
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
aorta

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17
Q

brachiocephalic veins

A

formed by the union of the subclavian and jugular veins
unite to form the superior vena cava

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18
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

pulmonary veins

A

4 of them
two left two right

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20
Q

aorta

A

arch
brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid (left)
subclavian (left)

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21
Q

what separates the right atrium

A

the crest terminalis
which is a thick muscular ridge

22
Q

what are the walls anterior to the crista terminalis covered in

A

muscular ridges called muscle pectinati
pectinate muscles

23
Q

walls posterior to the crista terminalis

A

smooth

24
Q

what is the fossa ovalis

A

mark the location of the embryonic foramen ovale

25
Q

where does deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium

A

SVC IVC or coronary sinus

26
Q

irregular muscular ridges

A

trabeculae carneae

27
Q

what does tricuspid have

A

three cusps

28
Q

what is each cusp attach to

A

chordae tendineae

29
Q

what do chordae tendineae attach to

A

two papillary muscles

30
Q

what does the pulmonary semilunar valve consist of

A

semilunar cusps

31
Q

right atrium internal features

A

2 structures separated by crista terminalis
walls anterior covered in pectinate muscles
walls posterior are smooth
fossa ovalis mark location of embryonic foramen oval
dexoxygenated enters via SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

32
Q

what is in the image

A

right atrium

33
Q

internal features of the right ventricle

A

trabeculae carneae
tricuspid valves, each cusp attached to chordae tendineae
attached to two papillary muscles
deoxygenated leaves via pulmonary trunk

34
Q

what is in the image

A

right ventricle

35
Q

what is the left atrium derived from

A

posterior half with smooth internal walls
anterior half contains musculi pectinati and is continuous with the left auricle

36
Q

internal features of the left atrium

A

posterior and anterior
valves of foramen ovale

37
Q

valve of foramen ovale

A

important developmentally
not always completely fused in adults

38
Q

posterior half of left atrium

A

receives the 4 pulmonary veins

39
Q

what is in the image

A

left ventricle

40
Q

internal features of the left ventricle

A

mitral/bicuspid valve with two cusps
cusps attach to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae
trabeculae carneae present
longer and thicker walls (myocardium) than right ventricle
aortic semilunar valve has 3 cusps
oxygenated out by aorta

41
Q

surfaces of the heart

A

sternocostal (anterior)
diaphragmatic (inferior)
base (posterior)
left and right pulmonary

42
Q

borders of the heart

A

right
inferior
left
superior

43
Q

surface marking of the aortic valve

A

medial end of the right 2nd intercostal space

44
Q

surface marking of the pulmonary valve

A

medial end of the left second intercostal space

45
Q

surface marking of the tricuspid valve

A

left of the lower part of the sternum
near the 5th intercostal space

46
Q

surface marking of the bicuspid valve

A

left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

47
Q

process of electrical conduction

A

Sino-atrial node (cardiac pacemaker) generates excitatory signals.
* Excitatory signals spread across the atria causing them to contract.
* The wave of excitation stimulates the atrioventricular node.
* Signal travels down the atrioventricular bundle.
* The bundle is specialist tissue which conducts the excitatory impulse to all ventricle musculature.
The atrioventricular bundle divides in to a left and
right branch.
* The branches descend towards the apex
* Further divide into terminal pukinje fibres.
* The wave of excitation causes the ventricles to
contract from the apex upwards.
* The Autonomic division of the PNS is directly
responsible for controlling heart rate and the force
of contraction

48
Q

fibrous cardiac skeleton

A

4 interconnected rings of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding the two AV orifices (aortic and pulmonary valve)
maintains integrity of openings it surrounds
provides cusps attachment
provides solid structure for muscle to contract against
separated atrial musculature from ventricular musculature
electrically isolated

49
Q

electrical isolation

A

The fibrous skeleton separates
the atrial half of the heart from
the ventricle half of the heart.
They are electrically isolated
* The Atrioventricular bundle passes
through the skeleton and is the
only connection between the two
groups of myocardium (cardiac
tissue).

50
Q

coronary arteries

A

right, arises form the right aortic sinus
left, arises from the left aortic sinus

Medicine Unit 4 (19 decks)

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