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Unit 8 > Histology of glands lecture > Flashcards

Histology of glands lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue are glands made from?

A

Epithelial tissue

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2
Q

What are the two categories of glands?

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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3
Q

What are the key features of endocrine glands?

A

Secretions are typically directly into the blood (hormones)
Generally have no ducts
Regulate bodily functions

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4
Q

What are the key features of exocrine glands?

A

Release substances directly onto an epithelial surface (unicellular) or use a system of ducts to indirectly release onto an epithelial surface (Multicellular)

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5
Q

What type of tissue typically surrounds gland ducts?

A

They invaginate into connective tissue

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6
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal
pancrease (component of)

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7
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

Loacted on the anterior neck
Seperated into right and left lobes connected by an isthmus

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8
Q

Describe the histological arrangement of a thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells are simple cuboidal, these arrange themselves to form many follicles
Follicles contain colloid
Each follicle is surrounded by reticular fibres
Parafollicular cells are found peripherally in the basal lamina or between follicles
numerous capillaries are found surrounding the follicles
The gland is divided into lobules by connective tissue septa

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9
Q

In relation to the thyroid gland what is colloid?

A

Colloid is made of throglobulin
This is an inactive version of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Is mainly iodinated glycoportein so stains eosinophilic

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10
Q

What is the role of parafollicular cells in the thyroid?

A

Also called C-cells
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium causes Ca2+ to move from the blood into the bone.

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11
Q

What control the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oringates from a neural downgrowth from the hypothalamus, to which is joints by the pituitary stalk.

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13
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Originates from epithelial (ectoderm) upgrowth from the roof of the oral cavity, known as rathke pouch

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14
Q

What are the two different embryonic origins of the pituitary gland?
What section does each origin become?

A

Adenohypophysis - pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
Neurohypophysis - pars nervosa and infundibulum/pituitary stalk.

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15
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The pars nervosa
The pituitary stalk
The pars intermedia

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16
Q

What makes up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The pars disatalis
the pars tuberalis

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

White matter tract (axons) from nuclei in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland.
Supraoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei

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18
Q

What is the function of pars distalis in the pituitary gland?

A

95% of the adenohypophysis
Forms the anterior wall of rathkes pouch

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19
Q

What is the role of pars intermedia in the pituitary gland?

A

Forms part of the posterior wall of rathke’s pouch (rest by pars nervosa)

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20
Q

What is the function of pars tuberalis in the pituitary gland?

A

Forms a collar of cells around the pituitary stalk

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21
Q

What is the remnant of rathkes pouch in the pituitary gland?

A

Part of the adenohypophysis
Shows that the pituitary gland grew upwards from the oral cavity ectoderm.
This seperates the pars intermedia from the rest of the adenohypophysis

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22
Q

How do the hypothalamux nuclei link to the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus contains the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
Signals travel down the pituitary stalk in the hypothalamic pituitary tract into the pars nervosa (posterior pituitary gland) .
Hormones are synthesised and stored then more impulses from the hypothalamus cause their release.
This is neurosecretion

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypothalmic nuclei linked to the pituitary gland?

A

Paraventricular nuclei - synthesise ADH/ vasopresin
Supraoptic nuclei - synthesise oxytocin

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24
Q

When looking at a sagital histological section of the pituitary gland in situ what structures need to be considered?

A

Distinguish between the posterior and anterior (basophilic) pituitary gland.
Pituitary stalk
Identify the hypothalamus
The third ventricle ( behind the hypothalamus)
The optic chiasm (large circular structure)

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25
Q

What is the name of the bony depression that the pituitary gland sits in?

A

THe sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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26
Q

In regards to a histological image what is a key way to distinguish between the anterior and the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The posterior is more eosinophilis (lightly stained)
The anterior is more acidophilic (darkly stained)

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27
Q

How are the different cell types distributed in the pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis contains all five types
The pars tuberalis contains gonadotropes only

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28
Q

What are the different cell types in the pituitary gland?

A

Sommatotrope
Mammotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadrotrope
Adrenocortitrope

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29
Q

What cell types in the pituitary gland are acidophilic?

A

Sommatotrophe
Mammotrope

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30
Q

Give an example of the hormone secrete by sommatotrope cells?

A

Growth Hormone

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31
Q

Give an example of the hormone secrete by mammotrope cells?

A

Prolactine

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32
Q

Give an example of the hormone secrete by thyrotrope cells?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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33
Q

Give an example of the hormone secrete by gonadotrope cells?

A

FSH and LH

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34
Q

Give an example of the hormone secrete by adrenocorticotrope cells?

A

ACTH

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35
Q

Explain how hormones are stored and released in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Hormones accumulate in unmyelinated axons (extend from hypothalamus) called Herring bodies
When needs are released into fenestrated capillaries in surrounding pars nervosa

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36
Q

How is the release of hormones from the pituitary gland controlled?

A

By negative feedback mechanism that communicate with the hypothalamus

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37
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior pole of each kidney
Surrounded by adipose tissue

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38
Q

How are the adrenal glands structured?

A

Surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule
Outer cortex
-zona glomerulosa
-zona fasiculata
-zone reticularis
inner medulla

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39
Q

What cell type makes up the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Steroid secreting cells

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40
Q

What cell type makes up the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

Chromaffin cells (sympathetic cells derived from neural crest cells)

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41
Q

What are the key features of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?

A

Immediatly deep to the capsule
Cells in round clusters
Secrete mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone

42
Q

What are the key features of the zona fasiculata in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Middle layer
Largest zone
Cells arranged in parallel rows
Secretes glucocorticoids and androgens

43
Q

What is the location, cell type and hormones secreted by the zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex?

A

Deepest layer of the adrenal cortex
Cells are arranged as anastomosing cords
Secretes glucorticoids and androgens

44
Q

What is the key way to distinguish between the different histological layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa (means knot), cells are is circular clumps
Zona fasciculata - parallel row arrangement of cells, longest section
Zona reticularis - (net like) anastamosing cells with an empty centre.
Note zona reticularis is basophilic.

45
Q

What are the different glandular functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine portion - alkaline secretions containing digestive enymes that empty into duodenum including proteases, carbohydrases and lipases
Endocrine portion - secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin that regulate blood glucose levels.

46
Q

What structure do pancreatic ducts open into?

A

The duodenum

47
Q

How does the cell type vary between the pancrease endocrine and exocrine ducts?

A

Endocrine - islet of langerhans
Exocrine - acinus cells

48
Q

What is the function of islet of langerhans cell types?

A

Clumped masses of endocrine cells in the pancrease
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin (this is the main cell type)
delta cells - secrete somatostatin

Away in a manjor, back off

49
Q

What is the role of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits insuling, glucagon and somatotropin hormone

50
Q

What are the tips for distnguishing between exocrine and endocrine pancreas tissue?

A

Pancreas is 95% exocrine
Endocrine is mainly located in clusters of cells

51
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreatic exocrine gland.

A

Secretory unit - pancreatic acini made of centroacinar cells
Channel into small intralobular (intercalated) ducts
Then large intralobular ducts
Then the interlobular duct
Then the main duct

52
Q

Describe how the epithelial cell type changes along the pancreatic duct

A

Small intralobular (intercalated ducts) are simple sqaumous
Large intralobular are simple cuboidal
Interlobular are simple columnar
Main ducts are stratified columnar.

53
Q

What type of duct will the pancreas be classified as?

A

compound acinar gland

54
Q

What part of the pancrease duct is responsible for secreting HCO3?

A

Small intralobular or intercalated ducts
Made from simple cuboidal epithelium

55
Q

What is the function of mineralcorticoids?

A

Stimulate renal absoprtion of water and sodium ions
Secretion of K+ ions
To maintain salt balance
(less important)

56
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids?

A

Influence carbohydrate matabolism
Suppress immune activites

57
Q

What is the function of PP cells?

A

Are pancreatic endocrine cell
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Inhibits the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and HCO3-

58
Q

What are the key endocrine cells in the parathyroid gland?
What do they do?

A

Chief cells
Secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium
Stimulate osteoclast activity to move calcium ion from bone to blood
Also secrets calcitonin

59
Q

What is the classification system of exocrine ducts?

A

Unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular are then acini or tubule depending on their shape
Then compound or simple based on the configuration.

60
Q

What is the key difference between an acinus and a duct?

A

Acinus is secretory portion
Duct is the conducting portion
Both are part of a exocrine gland

61
Q

List the different types of simple glands

A

Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple branches tubular
Simple alveolar (acinar)
Simple branched alveolar

62
Q

List the different types of compound glands.

A

Compound tubular
Compound alveolar
Compound tubuloaveolar

63
Q

What are the three different types of secretions and how are they different?

A

Merocrine - vescile release
Apopcrine - vesciel released within part of cell
Holocrine - vesciles are released within the entire cell

64
Q

What are the two different types of duct systems that can be found in the salivary gland?
How are they different?

A

Serous acinus - watery secretion, inlcudes proteins such as digestive enzymes
Mucous acinus - thicker mucus secretion

65
Q

What is meant by a mixed salivary gland?
What are their key features?

A

Contains both serous acinus and mucous acinus
Serous demilunes are often found ontop of mucous acinus
This is found in the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

66
Q

What is the function of myoepithelial cells related to glands?

A

Contract to release the secretion from the acini into the duct

67
Q

How can you distnguish between serous acinus and mucous acinus cells in salivary glands?

A

Serous have a round basolaterally located nucleus
Mucuous acinus have a flat basally located nucleus, cells are typically white as filled with secretions.

68
Q

What divies glands into lobes and lobules?

A

Connective tissue septa

69
Q

What surrounds all glands?

A

A connective tissue capsule

70
Q

Describe the organisation of salivary ducts

A

Mucus acinus and serous acinus make up the secretory portion
These will empty into intercalated ducts
Then into striated ducts
Then into interlobular ducts
Then into lobar ducts

71
Q

What makes up the intralobular ducts of the slavary glands?

A

The intercalated ducts
The striated ducts

72
Q

What is the cell type transition in the ducts of the salivary glands?

A

Intercalated ducts - simple squamous
Striated ducts - simple cuboidal
Interlobular ducts - simple columnar
Lobar duct - stratified columnar

73
Q

What is the classification of the parotid salivary gland?
What are its key features?

A

Compund tubloacinar glands
Exclusively serous secretions
Has irregular collagenous connective tissue capsule and septa that divide into lobules
Serous cells secrete alpha amylase

74
Q

Draw a diagram to show the histological representation of the thyroid gland

A
75
Q

Identify the type of gland and it’s key features

A

Thyroid gland
Follicular cells are C
Colloid b
Blood vessel A
Stroma white area

76
Q

Identify the gland and it’s key features

A

Pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary 1
Anterior pituitary 2
Pituitary stalk 3
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle
Optic chiasm

77
Q

Identify the gland and it’s key features

A

Anterior pituitary gland darker
Posterior pituitary gland light
3 blood vessel
Capsule

78
Q

What feature of the pituitary gland is highlighted by the arrow?

A

Herring bodies
Store hormone in the posterior pituitary gland before release

79
Q

What are the features of the submandibular salivary glands?

A

Mixed ducts so serous, mucus and serous demilunes
opens onto floor of mouth

80
Q

How can you distinguish between the medulla and the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Medullar is deep
Found after the darkest ring (which is the final zone of the cortex the zona reticularis)

81
Q

Identify the features of the pancreas

A

1 endocrine islets of Langerhans
2 exocrine acinar cells
3 capsule

82
Q

Label the key features of the pancreatic duct

A

1 pancreatic acini
Centroacinar cells
Small intralobular duct or intercalated duct
Large intralobular duct
Inter lobular duct
Main duct

83
Q

Which salivary gland is this most likely taken from? Why?

A

Parotid salivary gland
Purely serous acini as only round nasally located nuclei

84
Q

What salivary gland is this? Why?
What key features can you identify?

A
  1. Ducts
  2. Serous acini
  3. Connective tissue septa
    Is a parotid gland, only serous acini shows as eosinophilic no large mucus white stained mucus acini
85
Q

What salivary gland is this? Why?
What key features can you identify?

A

Submandibular or sublingual
1 striated duct
2. Mucous acini
3. Serous acini
4. Serous demilunes

86
Q

What do ducts tend to look like under histological imaging?

A

Columnar cells ( larger than acini)
More white than acini
Central rounder located nucleus rather than a basal located nuclei
Tend to have a central lumen between cells.
Larger than acini

87
Q

Label the sections if the salivary duct

A

1 serous or mucous acini
2 intercalated ducts
3 striated ducts
4 Inter lobular ducts
5 main duct

88
Q

What are the different cell types of the different sections of the salivary ducts?

A

Intercalated ducts are simple squamous
Striated ducts are simple cuboidal
Inter lobular ducts are simple columnar
Lobular are stratified columnar

89
Q

What are the different cell types of the pancreatic glands?

A

Small intralobular or intercalated are simple sqaoumous
Large intralobular are simple cuboidal
Inter lobular are simple columnar
Main ducts are striated columnar

90
Q

What is the classification of the salivary ducts?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar ducts

91
Q

What type of salivary gland is this?
What are the key features of it?

A

Submandibular salivary gland
Intercalated ducts
Mucous acini
Serous demilunes
Serous acini

92
Q

Identify the different layers of the adrenal glands

A

Capsule
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculada
Zona reticulada
Medulla
Cortex

93
Q

Identify the key features of the pancreas

A

Inner pink area is the islet of Langerhans endocrine pancreas
Surrounding red area is the exocrine pancreas acini

94
Q

How can you distinguish between the different cell types in the islet and Langerhans

A

Beta insulin’s producing cells stain blue!black
Alpha Glucagon producing cells stain red

95
Q

When shown an islet of Langerhans what is a good way to distinguish between the alpha and beta cells?

A

Beta cells (insulin producing) make up the majority so will be in greater numbers

96
Q

What is a sheet gland?

A

Many unicellular gland next to each other on an epithelial surface
E.g stomach mucus secreting

97
Q

What are the features of a compound acinar gland?

A

Branching ducts in blue
Acini cells in the purple circle
Acini lumen in green arrow
Lobules in the oval

98
Q

What are the features of a compound tubuloaveolar duct?

A

Have acini (purple sphere) and tubule (light purple) secretory units
Has lobules (blue spheres)
And branching ducts blue arrows

99
Q

Identify the gland and the different ducts it contains

A

Parotid salivary gland

100
Q

Identify the gland and the ducts it contain

A

Parotid gland
Striated and intercalated disk

Unit 8 (22 decks)

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