Changing health behaviours

Question 1

What are health interventions?

Answer 1

Learning opportunities, that encourage people to voluntarly make decisions to improve their health.
A problem is identified then behavioural interventions are designed and tailoured to that intervention

Question 2

What are some different behaviour change techniques?

Answer 2

Modelling
Active learning
Risk scenario information
Anticipated regret
Fear arousal
Procedural information
Goal setting.

Question 3

What is health-risk behaviour?

Answer 3

An activity of frequent or high intensity that increases the risk of disease or injury
These cluseter togethers into a risky lifestyle

Question 4

What are motivational models?
Examples?

Answer 4

Estimate health at a time period
Identify the variables that influence health and assess their ability to predict health based on these variables

The health belief model
{rptection Motivation Theory
Social cognitive theory
Thoery of reasoned action
Theory of planned behaviour

Question 5

What are some evaluations of the health belied model?

Answer 5

Does not describe how different factors in the model interact
No clear definition of variables - hence research around it is very variable

Positive - offers practical advice on how to change behaviour

Question 6

What are the key ideas of the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 6

Our behavioral beliefs - influence our attitude
Our normative beliefs - influence our subjective norm
Our control beliefs - influence our percieved behavioural control
This all influences our intention and our behviour

Question 7

What are normative beliefs?

Answer 7

Belief about the extent to which other people are important to them, hence if they should perform particular behaviours
My mam wants me to stpo smoking and I love her so i will.

Question 8

What are behavioural beliefs?

Answer 8

Oue belief regarding the outcome of a possible behaviour
E.g stopping smoking is something I can do and will improve my lungs

Question 9

What is a subjective norm?

Answer 9

The belief that most people approve or disapprove about our behaviour

Question 10

What does the social cognitive theory teach around the motivation to change behaviour?

Answer 10

Self efficacy is central to changing behaviour
Is a person percieves few external barries and has confidence in themselves that are more likley to make change.

Question 11

What is outcome experctancies and what influence this?

Answer 11

The perception of possible consequences of ones actions
Largely influenced by self efficacy and perceptions

Question 12

What is self efficacy?

Answer 12

A personal sense of control that faciliatates behavioural change

Question 13

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 13

That our behaviour/decision is influenced by our environment, thoughts, feelings and biology.
Our behaviour then influences or reifnorces these factors.

Question 14

What is the belief around motivation and behavioural change?

Answer 14

High motivation will lead to corresponsing behaviour

Question 15

What are the drawbacks of considering motivation as central to behavioural change?

Answer 15

Does not consider the psychological processes by which motivation in translated into action
Many people are motivated but this does not transfer into behaviour (the intention behaviour gap)

Question 16

What are multi-stage models in relation to changing behaviour?

Answer 16

Splits behavioural change into different stages.
This shows behavioural change is complex and their can be multiple different barriers at different stages of behavioural change.
Interventions to change behaviour should be matched to the stage of behavioural change the person is in.

Question 17

What is the transtheoretical model of change?

Answer 17

Splits behavioural change into six stages
1. precontemplation - no intention to change
2. contemplation - considering change but non specific
3. preparation - plans for immediate change
4. action - undergoing change
5. maintenance - constant state of behavioural change
6. relapse prevention - change any failure into a new lesson

Question 18

What things can encourage the process of behavioural change?

Answer 18

Consciousness raising
Social liberation
Emotional arousal
Self reevaluation
Commitment
Countering
Environmental conferral
Rewards
Helping relations

Question 19

What interventions would aid a patient in the precontemplation stage of behavioural change?

Answer 19

Increase awareness of need for change
Personalise information about risk and benefits

Question 20

What interventions would aid a patient in the contemplation stage of behavioural change?

Answer 20

Motivation
Encourage to make specific plans

Question 21

What intervention would help a patient in the preparation stage of behvioural change?

Answer 21

Help develop and implement action plans
Ecnourage setting gradual goals

Question 22

What intervention would help a patient in the action stage of behavioural change?

Answer 22

Feedback
reward
Problem solving
Social support

Question 23

What intervention would help a patient in the maintenance stage of behavioural change?

Answer 23

Assist with coping and remides
Avoid slips and relapses

Question 24

What are the drawbacks of behavioural change models?

Answer 24

Overlap between different models - often mixed up in research
The main predictors of behavior are not necessarily the determinants of behavioural change.
Theories often just sugest what needs to change e.g perception of vulnerability not how this can be changed
Theories focus on the individual fail to recognise the wider social and environmental barriers to change (some of them)

Question 25

What is the com-B model of behavioural change?

Answer 25

Suggests that to perform a particular bheviour a person must feel comfortable physically and psychologically to do so,
They must have the social and physica opportunity to do so
They must be motivated to complete the change more than continuing with the normal behaviour

Question 26

How can we do harm by doing good in the sense of behavioural change?

Answer 26

When change made is unsustainable, psychological damage from failure can encourage relapse to worse state than before e.g further decline in self efficacy.

Question 27

How does agency/place influence how likley someone is to make a change?

Answer 27

Changes the environment a person is exposed to
E.g amount of green space, amount of fast food resteraunts.

Question 28

How does classed identity influence how likely someone is to make a behavioural change?

Answer 28

Classed identity is how a person or group thinks of themselves in relation to others in society based on their economic and social position
e.g wont go the local gym because that is where all the posh kids go

Question 29

How does power influence the ability someone has to make a behavioural change?

Answer 29

Higher sense of power, more wealth and resources, provides greater opportunity and less barrier to making change.

Question 30

What factors influence the power of a person to make a change?

Answer 30

The resources available
The material power
The social power
The economic power
Is change in their interest or the interest of someone else e.g the doctor
Can they afford to make a change?

Question 31

What is the psycho-social checklist and what does it show about behavioural change?

Answer 31

Identifies the areas of our life we feel unhappy about or disadvantaged by

The social and political circumstances of our life how more influence than our feelings about our past and experience.
Can help us make sense of how we feel - remove the sense of guilt.
Failed to change due to low socioeconomic status not because of poor motivation

Question 32

What are downstream factors influecning behavioural change?

Answer 32

Factors directly aimed at an individual - after a problem has occured - are only changeable by the individual

Question 33

What are mainstream factors in association with behavioural change?

Answer 33

Factors arising from interaction with others, groups and culture that influence how a person behaviours.
E.g social popularity of smoking

Question 34

What are upstream factors in relation to behavioural change?

Answer 34

Social structures and policies that influence the likelihood of certain behaviours