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My2 renal > Histology, embryology and biochem > Flashcards

Histology, embryology and biochem Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the kidneys and urinary tract

A

1) maintain water, electrolyte homeostasis, osmolarity and A-B balance 2) excrete toxic metabolic waste 3) endocrine gland

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2
Q

what are the 2 main metabolites excreted by the kidney

A

urea and creatinine

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3
Q

what are the 2 hormones the kidneys secrete

A

renin and erythropoietin

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4
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

upper retroperitoneal area

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5
Q

what covers the kidneys

A

thin, strong, collagen (fibrous) capsules

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6
Q

what is the hilum of the kidney

A

point of entry and exit for arteries, veins and ureters

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7
Q

what are the 2 main sections of the kidney

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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8
Q

how many pyramids are their per kidney

A

8-18 - part of the medulla

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9
Q

what is in-between each pyramid

A

renal columns which are part of the cortex

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10
Q

what do pyramids drain into

A

renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calico –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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11
Q

what is a nephron

A

basic functional unit of kidney

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12
Q

what are nephrons composed off

A

renal corpuscle and surrounded by renal tubules (blue)

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13
Q

what is the broad main function of the renal corpuscle

A

production and collection of glomerular filtrates

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14
Q

what is the broad main function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbs and glucose

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15
Q

what is the broad main function of the loop of Henle

A

creates hyper osmotic environment in medulla

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16
Q

what is the broad main function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

acid base and water balance - absorbs H2O Na and HCO3 - excretes K and H

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17
Q

what is the renal corpuscle made of

A

tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus and a cup of squamous cells enclosing to called bowman’s capsule

18
Q

what blood supply do renal corpuscles have

A

afferent arteriole supplies and enters glomerular capillaries and efferent arteriole drains

19
Q

what cells separate blood from the glomerular filtrate

A

capillary endothelium and podocytes

20
Q

what connective tissue cells are present in renal corpuscles

A

mesangial cells that make connective core called mesangium

21
Q

what are medullary rays

A

collecting duct, proximal and distal tubules all run perpendicular to the kidney surface

22
Q

what effect does ADH have on the kidneys

A

increases permeability of collecting duct to water

23
Q

what cells are found in the bladder

A

transitional epithelium / urothelium

24
Q

what happens in metanophros of the kidney In embryology (3)

A

week 5 - becomes permanent - forms ureteric bud and metanephric blasteme

25
Q

where do the kidneys originate form and when do they move to their final position

A

from pelvis -> L1 in weeks 6-9

26
Q

where does the blood supply to the kidneys initially come from

A

common iliac arteries

27
Q

what is a pelvic kidney

A

development abnormality where one kidney fails to ascend and is usually at the level of the common iliac

28
Q

what is a horseshoe kidney

A

development abnormality where inferior poles of the kidney meet and fuse

29
Q

what are 3 common bladder abnormalities

A

urachal fistula, urachal cyst, urachal sinus

30
Q

what 4 criteria should be met to make an ideal marker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

appear at a constant rate / freely filtered by glomerulus / not be absorbed or secrete by tubules / not undergo extra renal elimination

31
Q

what marker fits all of the GFR criteria but is not commonly used as impractical

A

inulin

32
Q

what criteria does creatinine not meet as a GFR marker

A

constant rate - larger measures of creatinine when large reduction of GFR

33
Q

what is clearance

A

volume of plasma cleared of a substance per minute

34
Q

how would you measure clearance

A

([X]urine x urine volume) / ([X]blood x time)

35
Q

what is clearance of creatine equal to

A

GFR

36
Q

what 4 factors can affect levels of creatinine

A

age, sex, muscle mass, diet

37
Q

what other methods can be used to measure GFR aside from creatine clearance

A

eGFR and Cr-EDTA

38
Q

what defines proteinuria with glomerular damage

A

protein excretion >150 mg/ day = glomerular damage

39
Q

what 4 broad causes can cause proteinuria

A

over flow / glomerular / tubular (not absorbed) / secreted

40
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy - abnormal albumin excretion but undetectable by dipstick

41
Q

what is the function of glomerular filtration

A

to selectively rid body waste and reabsorb important substances

My2 renal (27 decks)

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